Daimyo - Daimyo

Japanese: 大名 - だいみょう

Daimyo was originally the owner of a myoden (a type of private field), and was divided into daimyo and komyo depending on the size of the myoden. The term appeared already at the end of the Heian period, and in the Kamakura period, powerful samurai with large territories and many ie no ko and roto were called daimyo. From the Northern and Southern Courts to the Muromachi period, shugo expanded their territories and formed daimyo territories, so they were called shugo daimyo, but the daimyo of the Sengoku period who rose to power in place of shugo and promoted the Ichienchigyo system by taking control of local lords were called Sengoku daimyo. The daimyo formed in this way became early modern daimyo in the Edo period, completed the daimyo territories, and completed the bakuhan system with the shogunate at the top. In the Edo period, daimyo were lords (han lords) with a fief of 10,000 koku or more, and were directly obligated to serve the shogun. Generally speaking, when we say daimyo, we are referring to the daimyo of the Edo period. In contrast, feudal lords with 10,000 koku or less were called hatamoto, gokenin, kyunin, or jito. Also, vassals of daimyo did not qualify as daimyo even if they had more than 10,000 koku. From the shogun's point of view, these were called baishin, which means second person or second retainer.

[Fujino Tamotsu]

Classification of daimyo

Daimyo are classified into old clan daimyo, Azuchi-Toyotomi daimyo, and Tokugawa daimyo (Tokugawa clan = relatives, hereditary daimyo) based on their careers and rise to power. Old clan daimyo are those who transformed from Sengoku daimyo to early modern daimyo. These include the Tsugaru, Nanbu, Date, Satake, Uesugi, Mori, Nabeshima, Matsuura, Omura, So, Sagara, and Shimazu clans, and many of them were from border areas such as Tohoku and Kyushu. Azuchi-Toyotomi daimyo were vassals of the Oda and Toyotomi clans who were promoted to early modern daimyo. These include the Niwa, Maeda, Todo, Sengoku, Ikeda (Okayama, Tottori), Asano, Hachisuka, Yamauchi, Kuroda, Arima, and Hosokawa clans, and are common in the Hokuriku, Chugoku, Shikoku, and Kyushu regions. Tokugawa-affiliated daimyo were those who were retainers of the Tokugawa clan and were promoted to early modern daimyo. They are further divided into relatives and hereditary daimyo. The relative clans included the Gosanke of Owari, Kii, and Mito, the Gosankyo of Tayasu, Hitotsubashi, and Shimizu, the Matsudaira clans of Echizen, Matsue, Takamatsu, and Aizu, and the Hisamatsu Matsudaira clan, while the fudai daimyo included the Ii, Sakai, Honda, Sakakibara, Okubo, Doi, Mizuno, Toda, Ogasawara, Makino, Naito, Inaba, Kuze, Hotta, Abe, Yanagisawa, Manabe, and Tanuma clans, as well as the collateral Matsudaira clan that separated before Ieyasu. They were mostly found in the central region from Kanto to Tokai and Kinai, and many of them were small daimyo with stipends of less than 50,000 koku. If they are further classified according to their relationship with the Shogun, they are divided into the Gosanke (Three Houses of the Shogun), Gosankyo (Three Domains of the Shogun), Gokamon (Fudai), and Tozama (Outside Family), with Gokamon referring to related clans other than the Gosanke and Gosankyo and their branches, and the former clan daimyo and Azuchi-Momoyama daimyo are lumped together as tozama in comparison to the Tokugawa daimyo.

They were also divided according to the size of their territories and castles into kuni no lords (kunimochi), quasi koku no lords, castle lords, castle lord-level, and no castles; and according to the secret rooms in Edo Castle, into the great corridor, tamari no ma, great hall, teikan no ma, yanagi no ma, kari no ma, and kiku no ma. They were further divided according to their official rank into chamberlains and above, shihon (fourth rank), and shodaibu (fifth rank). The number of daimyo was unstable due to the strong control of the three early shoguns, but it gradually stabilized and reached around 260 families from the middle period onwards. The majority of these daimyo were fudai daimyo with stipends of less than 50,000 koku.

[Fujino Tamotsu]

Daimyo Control

The shogunate's control of daimyo was based on demotion and transfer of domains (changing domains). After Tokugawa Ieyasu established hegemony, he demotioned many outside daimyo who had supported the Western Army and confiscated their territories during the postwar settlement. He also allocated and transferred these confiscated territories to outside daimyo who had served the Eastern Army and had made distinguished contributions, while incorporating them into direct territories (tenryo) or using them to promote the advancement of related and hereditary daimyo. In this way, the allocation of daimyo during the Toyotomi period changed greatly, especially in Tokai, Tosan and the surrounding countries. Ieyasu demotioned or transferred many Toyotomi daimyo who had been stationed in these regions to outlying regions, and installed new related and hereditary daimyo. This created a new arrangement of daimyo with the Tokugawa clan at the center, and the outline of the shogunate-han system was created.

After the end of the war, Ieyasu established the shogunate, while at the same time strengthening control over the daimyo through the enactment of laws and the development and operation of systems, but he placed policies against the Toyotomi at the center of his strategy. After the defeat of the Toyotomi clan and the fall of Osaka Castle, he took advantage of this momentum and enacted the Buke Shohatto (Buke Laws), which were the basic laws for controlling the daimyo, following the Ikoku Ichijo Law, in 1615 (Genwa 1). He also took control of Kinai and placed fudai daimyo in Osaka and the surrounding provinces. The second shogun, Hidetada, clarified the military service regulations that had been given to the daimyo at the Siege of Osaka (Genwa Military Service Law), while placing policies against the Kinai region and the surrounding provinces, as well as the Tohoku region, at the center of his strategy. As a result, fudai daimyo were concentrated around Osaka and began to actively advance into the Tohoku region. The next Shogun, Iemitsu, placed the center of his strategy on a Western policy centered on Kyushu, which led to a major shift in the placement of daimyo in the Western provinces, which had remained relatively unchanged up until that point. Thus, while fudai daimyo were concentrated in eastern and western Kyushu, in Chugoku and Shikoku, the Matsudaira clans of Matsuyama, Matsue, and Takamatsu were established, following on from the Gosanke that had been established earlier, and in Tohoku, the Aizu Matsudaira clan was established, and during this period the placement of Tokugawa daimyo spread throughout the country. Iemitsu also revised and improved the military service laws (Kan'ei Military Service Law), while also institutionalizing the sankin-kotai system, completing the isolationist system. This further strengthened the control of daimyo through the application of laws and systems, and established and stabilized the foundations of shogunate power.

As a result of the control of the daimyo by the first three shoguns, a total of 224 daimyo (49 of which were Tokugawa daimyo) were removed from their positions, and a total of 172 related or fudai daimyo (not including those removed from their positions) were created and placed in their place, providing a strong foundation for supporting the power of the shogunate.

[Fujino Tamotsu]

Structure of the daimyo's territory

As a result of the above-mentioned measures to control and create daimyo, the tozama daimyo were gradually transferred to the border areas, and in their place the related clans and fudai daimyo were placed in the central area. After that, the placement of Tokugawa daimyo spread throughout the country, but the areas where the fudai daimyo were concentrated were in the central area, along with the direct territories and the hatamoto territories, and because there was a significant merger and conversion of territories between these three, the territories of the fudai daimyo in the central area became significantly dispersed (non-territorial type). In contrast to the above, the old-line tozama daimyo who settled in their old territories, and the border and intermediate areas where there were many Toyotomi-affiliated tozama daimyo who settled early on, maintained a unified territory by fixing their territories (territorial type), and the territory structures of the two were significantly different. Moreover, this was not just a difference in territory structure, but also gave a different aspect to the establishment of the feudal domain system.

However, the daimyo were under the control of the shogunate, and shared the burden of military service, and implemented the principles of the shogunate-han system within their own territories. These included policies to concentrate vassals in castle towns by separating soldiers from farmers, policies to create and maintain small farmers by conducting land surveys, various agricultural promotion policies to increase productivity and collect increased tributes, and various distribution policies to promote the prosperity of castle towns and control markets. In the early days, the daimyo territories were divided into the daimyo's direct territories (kurairichi) and the vassals' chigyo (local chigyo), but the daimyo restricted the vassals' chigyo rights by reassigning and decentralizing their chigyo territories, or switched to a horoku system in which stipends were paid with stored rice, thereby strengthening the foundation of their power. At the same time, the Household Law (Han Law) was enacted to strengthen control over vassals, while the system and organization of the domain was improved, dividing up administrative duties such as chief retainer, castle lord, and magistrate. After the return of the domain and people to the emperor in 1869 (Meiji 2), the daimyo temporarily became domain governors, but this was abolished in 1871 when the domains were abolished and prefectures were established, and they became members of the nobility based on their family status. However, this was also abolished after World War II.

[Fujino Tamotsu]

"Revised Study of the History of the Bakufu and Han System" by Tamotsu Fujino (1975, Yoshikawa Kobunkan) " "Hansei" by En Kanai (1962, Shibundo)

[Reference] | Edo period | Outside daimyo | Hereditary daimyo

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

大名とは、本来私田の一種である名田(みょうでん)の所有者をいい、名田の大小によって大名・小名に区別された。すでに平安末期からその名がみえ、鎌倉時代には、大きな所領をもち多数の家子(いえのこ)・郎党(ろうとう)を従えた有力な武士を大名と称した。南北朝から室町時代にかけて、守護が領国を拡大して大名領を形成したところから守護大名とよばれたが、守護にかわって新しく台頭し、在地土豪の掌握を通じて一円知行(いちえんちぎょう)化を推進した戦国時代の大名は戦国大名とよばれた。こうして形成された大名は、江戸時代に入って近世大名となり、大名領を完成、幕府を頂点とする幕藩体制を完成した。江戸時代の大名は、1万石以上の領主（藩主）をいい、将軍に対して直接奉公の義務をもつ者をさした。一般に大名という場合は、この江戸時代の大名を意味する。これに対して、1万石以下の領主を旗本、御家人(ごけにん)、給人あるいは地頭(じとう)などと称した。また大名の家臣は、たとえ1万石以上であっても大名の資格を有しなかった。これを将軍の立場から陪臣(ばいしん)とよんだ。又者(またもの)あるいは又家来(またげらい)という意味である。

［藤野　保］

大名の類別

大名は、その経歴・取り立てによって旧族大名、織豊(しょくほう)大名、徳川系大名（徳川一門＝親藩、譜代(ふだい)大名）に分類される。旧族大名は戦国大名から近世大名に転化したもの。津軽、南部、伊達(だて)、佐竹、上杉、毛利、鍋島(なべしま)、松浦(まつら)、大村、宗(そう)、相良(さがら)、島津氏らで、東北、九州など辺境地帯の大大名が多い。織豊大名は織田(おだ)・豊臣(とよとみ)両氏の家臣から近世大名に取り立てられたもの。丹羽(にわ)、前田、藤堂(とうどう)、仙石(せんごく)、池田（岡山、鳥取）、浅野、蜂須賀(はちすか)、山内、黒田、有馬、細川氏らで、北陸、中国、四国、九州に多い。徳川系大名は徳川氏の一門、家臣から近世大名に取り立てられたもの。さらに親藩、譜代大名に分かれる。親藩には尾張(おわり)、紀伊、水戸の御三家(ごさんけ)および田安(たやす)、一橋(ひとつばし)、清水(しみず)の御三卿(ごさんきょう)をはじめ、越前(えちぜん)、松江、高松、会津の各松平(まつだいら)および久松松平氏ら、譜代大名には井伊、酒井、本多、榊原(さかきばら)、大久保、土井、水野、戸田、小笠原(おがさわら)、牧野、内藤、稲葉、久世(くぜ)、堀田、阿部、柳沢、間部(まなべ)、田沼氏ら、および家康以前に分かれた傍系松平一族がある。関東から東海、畿内(きない)にかけての中央地帯に多く、5万石以下の小大名が多い。さらにこれを将軍との親疎関係によって分類する場合は、御三家、御三卿、御家門、譜代、外様(とざま)に分けるが、御家門は御三家、御三卿以外の親藩およびその分家をさし、旧族大名と織豊大名を徳川系大名に対して外様として一括する。

　また領国や居城の規模によって、国主（国持(くにもち)）、準国主、城主、城主格、無城に分け、あるいは江戸城中の詰間(つめのま)によって、大廊下、溜間(たまりのま)、大広間、帝鑑間(ていかんのま)、柳間、雁間(かりのま)、菊間に分け、さらに官位によって、侍従(じじゅう)以上、四品(しほん)（四位）、諸大夫(しょだいぶ)（五位）に分けた。大名の数は、初期3代の将軍による強力な大名統制によって、その数も安定しなかったが、その後しだいに固定し、中期以降には260家前後となった。そのなかでもっとも多かった大名は5万石以下の譜代大名である。

［藤野　保］

大名統制

幕府の大名統制の基本は改易(かいえき)と転封(てんぽう)（国替(くにがえ)）である。徳川家康は覇権確立後、戦後処理を通じて、西軍にくみした外様大名を大規模に改易し、その所領を没収するとともに、これらの没収地を、東軍に属して功労のあった外様大名に配分して転封する一方、直轄領（天領）に編入し、あるいは親藩・譜代大名の取り立てにあてた。こうして、豊臣時代の大名配置は大きく変化したが、とりわけ東海、東山およびその周辺諸国は大きく変化した。家康は、これらの地域に配置されていた多くの豊臣大名を、改易しあるいは辺境地帯に転封して、新たに親藩・譜代大名を配置した。ここに徳川氏を中心とする新しい大名配置ができあがり、幕藩体制の大枠がつくられた。

　戦後処理後の家康は、幕府を創設する一方、法の制定と制度の整備・運用を通じて大名統制を強化したが、対豊臣政策を戦略の中心に据えた。豊臣氏の討滅―大坂落城後は、その勢いにのって、1615年（元和1）、「一国一城令」に続いて大名統制の基本法をなす「武家諸法度(ぶけしょはっと)」を制定するとともに、畿内を掌中に収め、大坂およびその周辺諸国に譜代大名を配置した。2代将軍秀忠(ひでただ)は、大坂の陣で諸大名に示した軍役規定を明文化（元和(げんな)軍役令）する一方、畿内とその周辺諸国および対東北政策を戦略の中心に据えた。それによって、譜代大名は大坂周辺に集中配置されるとともに、東北進出が積極化した。ついで3代将軍家光(いえみつ)は、九州を中心とする対西国政策に戦略の中心を据えたため、これまで比較的変化が少なかった西国の大名配置は、ここで大きく変化した。こうして、東西九州に譜代大名が集中配置される一方、中国、四国においては、先に成立した御三家に続いて、松山、松江、高松の各松平家が成立し、東北においては会津松平家が成立して、この期に徳川系大名の配置は全国に拡大した。さらに家光は軍役令を改訂・整備（寛永(かんえい)軍役令）する一方、参勤交代を制度化し、鎖国体制を完成した。ここで法と制度運用による大名統制はいっそう強化され、幕府権力の基礎は確立・安定した。

　以上、初期3代の将軍による大名統制によって、実に224名（うち徳川系大名49名）の大名が改易され、これにかわって延べ172名（改易を含まず）に及ぶ親藩・譜代大名が創出・配置されて、幕府権力を支える強力な基盤となった。

［藤野　保］

大名領の構造

以上の大名の統制・創出策によって、外様大名はしだいに辺境地帯に移され、かわって親藩・譜代大名が中央地帯に配置されていった。その後、徳川系大名の配置は全国に拡大したが、とくに譜代大名の集中配置の地域は、直轄領、旗本領とともに中央地帯にあり、しかも、これら三者間において所領の著しい統廃合・切り替えが行われたため、中央地帯における譜代大名領は著しく分散知行化（非領国型）するに至った。以上に対して、旧領に定着した旧族外様大名や、早期に定着した豊臣系外様大名の多い辺境地帯および中間地帯は、領国の固定化によって一円的所領を保ち（領国型）、両者の所領構造は大きく異なったのである。しかも、それは単に所領構造の相違にとどまらず、藩制の成立に異なった様相を与えた。

　しかし、諸大名は幕府の統制下にあって、共通に軍役を負担し、幕藩体制の諸原則を、それぞれの領内に実施していった。兵農分離による家臣団の城下町集住策、検地の実施による小農民の創出と維持策、生産力の増強と貢租の増徴のための各種の勧農策、城下町の興隆と市場統制のための各種の流通策がそれである。初期の大名領は、諸大名の直轄地（蔵入地(くらいりち)）と家臣団の知行(ちぎょう)地（地方(じかた)知行）に分かれていたが、諸大名は知行地の割替・分散化を通じて家臣団の知行権を制限し、あるいは蔵米(くらまい)で支給する俸禄(ほうろく)制に切り替えたりして、大名権力の基礎を強化していった。それと同時に、家中法（藩法）を制定して、家臣統制を強化する一方、藩の制度・機構を整備して、家老、城代、奉行(ぶぎょう)以下の行政諸役を分掌させた。1869年（明治2）版籍奉還後、大名は一時知藩事(ちはんじ)になったが、71年廃藩置県の結果廃止され、家格によって華族となった。しかし、これも第二次大戦後廃止された。

［藤野　保］

『藤野保著『新訂幕藩体制史の研究』（1975・吉川弘文館）』▽『金井圓著『藩政』（1962・至文堂）』

[参照項目] | 江戸時代 | 外様大名 | 譜代大名

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