A rocket that uses nuclear energy. There are various types, including the reactor-heated type and the thermal conduction type, which have a small nuclear reactor in the rocket engine and pass liquid hydrogen through the reactor core and eject it from the nozzle as high-temperature hydrogen gas. The lighter and hotter the gas is, the faster the gas is ejected. Hydrogen is the lightest, so it is ideal for ejection. This type of nuclear engine was started in the United States in 1959 as part of the Rover Project. There are also other types of nuclear powered rockets, such as arc rockets, ion rockets, and plasma rockets, which use nuclear power as a power source for electric propulsion rockets. However, compared to chemical rockets, nuclear rockets generally have a smaller thrust, so they are not suitable for launching large spacecraft directly from the ground. Therefore, it is considered to use nuclear power in the final stage of a multi-stage rocket, and to fly to planets such as the Moon, Mars, and Venus after first putting a satellite into orbit with the lower stage chemical rocket. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
原子核エネルギーを利用するロケット。いろいろな種類があるが,その一つは原子炉加熱型と熱伝導型と呼ばれるもので,ロケットのエンジン部に小型の原子炉を積み,液体水素を原子炉の炉心を通して,高温の水素ガスとしてノズルから噴出する。ガスの排出速度は,ガスが軽く,高温であればあるほど大きい。水素は最も目方が軽いので,排出用としては最適なわけである。この方式の原子力エンジンは,アメリカで 1959年にローバー計画として始められた。このほかアークロケットや,イオンロケット,プラズマロケットのような電気推進ロケットの発電源として,原子力を使う方式がある。しかし一般に,化学ロケットに比べて,原子力ロケットは推力が小さいので,大型宇宙船などを地上から直接打上げるには適さない。そこで多段式ロケットの最終段に用い,下段部の化学ロケットでまず人工衛星の軌道に乗せたのち,月や火星,金星などの惑星への飛行に利用することが考えられている。
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