The final day of the festival was called Carnival, a name derived from the Latin caro vale (goodbye to meat) or carnem levare (prohibition of meat eating), but the entire festival was also called Carnival. The final day of Carnival is called Mardi gras (Fat Tuesday) in French and Fastnacht (Meat-free Night) in German. Carnival was very different from other festivals in feudal European society dominated by the church in the following characteristics: it included the entire population of society, did not distinguish between performers and spectators, it used a special language, gestures, costumes, and excessive decorations called grotesque realism to hold spectacles and processions in squares and streets, it glorified materiality and physicality, and demoted spirituality and orthodoxy, it awakened people to a fresh sense of unity and worldview, and realized a materially abundant utopia once a year, and it was based on a cosmological idea derived from the concept of seasonal change and the agricultural calendar, which was the renewal of the world and life. From New Orleans... In New Orleans, the belief in Voodoo, a magical practice of African origin brought by blacks from the West Indies, was widespread among the ignorant common people. However, at the same time, it was a Catholic city, and Mardi Gras (Carnival) was a city-wide event. Today, New Orleans is generally a modern, orderly city of commerce and industry. *Some of the terminology that mentions "Mardi gras" is listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…この祭礼の最終日が,ラテン語のカロ・ウァレcaro vale(肉よさらば)やカルネム・レウァレcarnem levare(肉食禁止)を語源とするカーニバルだが,祭礼全体もカーニバルと呼ばれた。カーニバルの最終日をフランス語ではマルディ・グラMardi gras(ふとった火曜日),ドイツ語ではファストナハトFastnacht(肉断ちの夜)という。 カーニバルは社会の全民衆を包み込み,演ずる者と観る者を区別しなかったこと,グロテスク・リアリズムと呼ばれる特別な言語,身ぶり,衣装,過剰な装飾などを用いて見世物や行列を広場や街路で繰り広げ,物質性,肉体性を称揚し,精神性,正統性を格下げしたこと,新鮮な一体感と世界感覚を人々に呼びさまし,物質的にも豊かなユートピアを年に1度実現したこと,そして世界と生命の更新という,季節変化の概念や農事暦に由来する宇宙論的発想に基づいていたことなどの諸特質において,教会が支配していた封建的な当時のヨーロッパ社会の他の祭礼と大きく異なっていた。… 【ニューオーリンズ】より… ニューオーリンズには,西インド諸島から黒人が伝えたアフリカ生れのブードゥーという呪術信仰も,無知な庶民の間でひろまっていた。だが同時にここはカトリックの都で,マルディ・グラMardi Gras(謝肉祭)は市をあげての行事となっている。現在のニューオーリンズは,全体として近代的な秩序ある商業と産業の都市である。… ※「Mardi gras」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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