In molecular clouds (dark nebulae), matter contracts due to gravity. As a result, stars begin to form. From the time they start to contract until they reach the pre-main sequence, the stars have high luminosity and behave actively. Celestial bodies at this stage are called protostars. The temperature of the molecular cloud that becomes the womb of a star is usually around 20K (Kelvin). The gravitational energy generated during contraction is initially released as radiant energy, but as the density increases, the radiation becomes trapped inside due to absorption by gas and particles, and the temperature rises at the center. The surface temperature is about 100-500K, and because it is surrounded by dense gas and particles, the center cannot be seen in light, but it appears very bright in infrared. In the surrounding womb cloud, emission lines of many types of molecules can be observed in infrared and radio waves. About 1,000 such celestial bodies have been found so far. We will describe the characteristics they share. As the core (high density region) in the molecular cloud contracts, the center of the core becomes warm and starts to glow in infrared light. This stage is called a protostar. The gas and particles left behind during the contraction slowly rotate around the protostar in a disk shape, in which water molecules and hydroxyl masers (interstellar masers) flicker. Gas is violently ejected perpendicular to the rotation plane, colliding with the surrounding gas and generating shock waves. Herbig-Halo objects (nebulae in which gas ejected from the protostar excites ions such as hydrogen atoms, sulfur, oxygen, and iron to emit light), hydrogen molecular emission lines (nebulae in which shock waves from the protostar excite hydrogen molecules to emit light in near infrared light), and molecular bipolar flows (flows of neutral molecular gas ejected from both sides of the protostar's rotation poles) can be seen. This stage lasts for 10,000 to tens of thousands of years. Eventually, the protostar at the center of the molecular core and the surrounding disk of gas and particles will evolve further and move from the protostar stage to the next stage. The future evolution of the star will look very different depending on the star's mass. In large-mass stars, the surface temperature reaches tens of thousands of K, ionizing the surrounding gas and forming radio wave sources called H-regions. The center contracts rapidly, and main sequence stars are born. On the other hand, the surface temperature of medium- and small-mass stars does not rise above 10,000 K, so H-regions do not form. Also, most of the surrounding gas and particles fall into the star, so they are visible as optical or near-infrared objects. These are T Tauri stars, and are 10 to 100 times brighter than the Sun. Medium-mass (2 to 8 solar masses) objects are called Herbig Ae/Be stars, and are 10 times brighter than T Tauri stars. This stage is also called the pre-main sequence stage, or class II objects. Stars that have evolved further and begun nuclear fusion reactions at their centers are main sequence stars, and most of the stars we see in the night sky are from this stage, and the time when they reach this stage is called the "Zero Age." Weak X-ray and emission line objects have been found between main sequence stars and T Tauri and Herbig Ae/Be stars. These weak emission line T Tauri stars (Class III objects) are thought to be in a stage where the disk of gas and fine particles is being blown away and some of them are changing into planetary systems. A protostar can be said to be an object in the molecular cloud that is actively active as a "zero-year-old" embryo before birth and is in the process of forming a planetary system. [Shuji Sato] "Fujii Akira's Introduction to Astronomy" (1990, Seibundo Shinkosha) by Fujii Akira ; "Astrophysics" by Takahara Fumio (1999, Asakura Shoten); "The Active Universe: The Physics of Celestial Activity Phenomena" (edited by Shibata Kazunari, Fukue Jun, Matsumoto Ryoji, and Mineshige Makoto) (1999, Shokabo); "The Life of a Star: The Mystery of the Stars Revealed" by Fujii Akira (2002, Kaiseisha) [References] | | | | | |A variable star in the constellation Taurus. It is a pre-main sequence star about 1 million years old, and a faint disk structure of gas and dust can be seen around it. Stars like this are called T Tauri stars (T Tauri type stars). ©National Astronomical Observatory of Japan "> T Tauri Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
分子雲(暗黒星雲)の中では重力によって物質が収縮する。その結果、星(恒星)が生まれ始める。収縮を始めてから前主系列に至る間、星は高い光度をもち、活発なふるまいをみせる。この段階にある天体を原始星とよんでいる。 星の母胎となる分子雲の温度は普通20K(ケルビン)前後である。収縮の際に生ずる重力エネルギーは、初め放射エネルギーとして放出されるが、密度が大きくなるにつれて、放射はガスや微粒子による吸収のために内部に閉じ込められるようになり、中心では温度が上昇する。表面の温度は約100~500Kで、かつ濃密なガスと微粒子に包まれているために、中心部は光では見ることができないが、赤外線ではたいへん明るく見える。その周りの母胎の雲では多くの種類の分子の輝線が、赤外線や電波で観測される。このような天体は、これまでに1000個ほどみつかっている。それらに共通する特徴を述べる。 分子雲の中のコア(密度が高い領域)が収縮する結果、コアの中心は暖かくなり赤外線で光り始める。この段階を原始星とよぶ。原始星の周りには、収縮の際に取り残されたガスや微粒子が円盤状になってゆっくり回転しており、その中では水分子やヒドロキシ基のメーザー(星間メーザー)が明滅している。回転面と垂直の方向にはガスが激しく吹き出し、周りのガスと衝突して、衝撃波を発生させている。そこではハービック・ハロー天体(原始星から吹き出したガスが水素原子や硫黄(いおう)、酸素、鉄などのイオンを励起して光っている星雲)、水素分子輝線(原始星からの衝撃波が水素分子を励起して近赤外線で光っている星雲)、分子双極流(原始星の自転極の双方向から吹き出す中性分子ガスの流れ)がみられる。このような段階は1万年から数万年の間続く。やがて分子コアの中心の原始星および周りのガス・微粒子の円盤はさらに進化して、原始星の段階から次の段階へ移行する。これから先の進化は、星の質量によって大きく異なった様相を示す。 大きな質量の星では、星の表面温度が数万Kに達するため、周囲のガスを電離し、H領域とよばれる電波源を形成する。中心部は収縮が急速に進み、主系列星が生まれる。一方、中・小質量の星の表面は、1万Kよりは高くならないためにH領域はできず、また、周りのガスや微粒子はほとんど星の中に落下してしまうために、光や近赤外の天体として見えてくる。これがTタウリ型星で、明るさは太陽の10~100倍である。中質量(2~8太陽質量)の天体は、ハービックAe/Be型星とよばれ、明るさはTタウリ型星のさらに10倍ある。この段階を前主系列期、あるいは、クラスⅡ天体とも称する。さらに進化して中心で核融合反応が始まった星が主系列星であり、夜空に見える星の大半はこの時期にあるもので、これに達した時期を「零歳Zero Age」とする。 主系列星とTタウリ型星、ハービックAe/Be型星の間に、X線や輝線の弱い天体がみつかっている。この弱輝線Tタウリ型星(クラスⅢ天体)は、ガスや微粒子の円盤が吹き払われると同時に、一部は惑星系に変化しつつある時期と考えられる。原始星とは、分子雲の中で、「零歳」の誕生前の胎児として活発な活動を行いつつ、惑星系形成を行っている段階の天体をさすといえよう。 [佐藤修二] 『藤井旭著『藤井旭の天文学入門』(1990・誠文堂新光社)』▽『高原文郎著『宇宙物理学』(1999・朝倉書店)』▽『柴田一成・福江純・松元亮治・嶺重慎編『活動する宇宙――天体活動現象の物理』(1999・裳華房)』▽『藤井旭著『星の一生――解き明かされる星ぼしの謎』(2002・偕成社)』 [参照項目] | | | | | |おうし座にある変光星。誕生後100万年ほどの前主系列期の星で、周囲にガスや塵による円盤構造がかすかに見える。このような星をTタウリ型星(おうし座T型星)という©国立天文台"> おうし座T星 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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