James Tobin

Japanese: トービン - とーびん(英語表記)James Tobin
James Tobin

American economist. As a representative American Keynesian, he engaged in spectacular debates with monetarists such as M. Friedman, who placed importance on money. Born in Champaign, Illinois, he studied economics at Harvard University, graduating in 1939, and completed his master's degree at the same university in 1940. During World War II, he served in the Navy as first officer on the destroyer USS Kearny. He returned to Harvard in 1946 and obtained his doctorate in 1947. After teaching at Harvard, he became an associate professor at Yale University in 1950, and was promoted to professor in 1955, and also served as director of the Coles Foundation Institute of Economic Research. In 1955, he received the John Bates Clark Award, became a member of President Kennedy's Council of Economic Advisers in 1961, and became president of the American Economic Association in 1971.

Tobin's research covered a wide range of economic topics, but he was particularly interested in the role of money in the economy. He is particularly known for his research into the theory of asset selection (portfolio theory), which analyzes asset selection behavior (safe deposits or risky assets such as bonds and stocks), and further incorporated this theory into a macro model, attempting to integrate micro and macro, while linking savings flows to asset stocks. He also introduced monetary factors into his theory of economic growth, proposing a new neoclassical economic growth model, stating that balanced economic growth is greatly influenced by the demand for money.

He is also known for proposing the concept of "Tobin's q" in investment theory and elucidating the mechanism by which financial market disturbances affect real markets. In 1981, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for his work on "the analysis of financial markets and their relationships with spending decisions, employment, and production."

[Kunihiko Kaneko February 18, 2019]

"James Tobin, translated by Mano Hideo et al., 'Economic Policy for the People' (1967, Toyo Keizai Shinposha)""James Tobin, translated by Yajima Junji et al., 'The Choice Between Inflation and Unemployment: Refutation and Proposal by the New Economists' (1976, Diamond Inc.)""James Tobin, translated by Hamada Koichi et al., 'Rethinking Macroeconomics: National Debt Accumulation and Rational Expectations' (1981, Nihon Keizai Shimbun)"

[References] | Theory of Portfolio Selection | Friedman

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アメリカの経済学者。アメリカの代表的なケインズ学派として、貨幣を重視するM・フリードマンなどのマネタリストと華々しい論争を繰り広げた。イリノイ州シャンペーンに生まれる。ハーバード大学で経済学を学び1939年に卒業、さらに同大学院修士課程を1940年に修了した。第二次世界大戦中は海軍に在籍し、駆逐艦カーニー号の副艦長を務めた。1946年ハーバード大学に戻り、1947年博士号を取得した。ハーバード大学で教えたのち1950年にエール大学の準教授となり、1955年教授に昇格、コールズ財団経済研究所の所長も務めた。1955年にジョン・ベーツ・クラーク賞を受賞し、1961年にケネディ大統領の経済諮問委員会委員となり、1971年にはアメリカ経済学会会長に就任した。

 トービンの研究は経済全般に及ぶが、なかでも経済における貨幣の役割に関心を寄せた。とくに有名なものは、資産選択(安全な預金か、債券、株式の危険資産か)の行動を分析した資産選択の理論(ポートフォリオ理論)の研究であり、さらにこの理論をマクロモデルに組み入れ、ミクロとマクロの統合を企てるとともに、貯蓄フローを資産ストックに結び付けた。経済成長理論においても貨幣的要因を導入し、新古典学派の新しい経済成長モデルを提唱、均衡的な経済成長は貨幣需要に大きく影響されるとした。

 投資理論において「トービンのq」とよばれる概念を提出し、金融市場の攪乱(かくらん)が実物市場に与えるメカニズムを解明したことでも知られている。1981年に「金融市場、ならびに金融市場と支出決定・雇用・生産との関係の分析」の業績によって、ノーベル経済学賞を受賞した。

[金子邦彦 2019年2月18日]

『ジェームズ・トービン著、間野英雄他訳『国民のための経済政策』(1967・東洋経済新報社)』『ジェームズ・トービン著、矢島鈞次他訳『インフレと失業の選択――ニュー・エコノミストの反証と提言』(1976・ダイヤモンド社)』『ジェームズ・トービン著、浜田宏一他訳『マクロ経済学の再検討――国債累積と合理的期待』(1981・日本経済新聞社)』

[参照項目] | 資産選択の理論 | フリードマン

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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