Grinding machine - Kensakuban

Japanese: 研削盤 - けんさくばん
Grinding machine - Kensakuban

A machine tool that rotates a grinding wheel at high speed to cut into the workpiece and give it a precise finish. There are many types of machine tools depending on the combination of the grinding wheel movement and the workpiece movement. For example, there are machine tools for the inner and outer diameters of cylinders, for flat surfaces, and for special curved surfaces such as gear tooth surfaces, screw surfaces, and cams. It is an indispensable machine tool for precision machining of everything from materials of normal hardness to hardened steel and special alloy steel that cannot be cut with normal cutting tools.

Since the purpose of grinding machines is precision finishing, each unit that composes the machine must be highly accurate. The grinding wheel spindle rotates at high speed, and the shaft center must be stable in the bearing while rotating, and heat generation must be suppressed, so various devices with various ingenious features have been developed. Examples include hydrostatic bearings, hydrodynamic bearings, ultra-precision rolling bearings, and magnetic bearings. In addition, to grind extremely fine dimensions, a highly accurate grinding wheel infeed device is required, and the screws and gears of the infeed device require a mechanism to remove backlash that occurs when rotating in reverse. Not only the infeed device, but also the linear motion accuracy of each guide must be high. With the development of control technology, numerically controlled (NC) grinding machines have been developed, and in addition to being able to handle workpieces with complex shapes, multi-purpose grinding machines equipped with an automatic grinding wheel exchange function and capable of performing various grinding processes on the same machine are becoming more and more popular.

New grinding wheels are also being developed to improve grinding efficiency. These include high-speed grinding wheels that can reach a peripheral (grinding surface) speed of up to 250 meters per second, and CBN (cubic boron nitride) grinding wheels, which are less likely to cause grinding burns or cracks even when used on materials that are difficult to grind, and which have less wear and provide stable dimensional accuracy.

Some grinding machines are equipped with automatic sizing devices or automatic cycle operation functions to improve work efficiency.

[Shimizu Shinji]

[Reference item] | Tool grinding machine | Numerical control machine tool | Grinding wheel
Structure of a grinding machine (surface grinding machine)
©Makoto Takahashi

Structure of a grinding machine (surface grinding machine)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

砥石(といし)を高速度で回転させ、砥石に切り込みを与えて、工作物を精密に仕上げる工作機械。砥石の運動と、工作物の運動の組合せにより多くの種類がある。たとえば円筒の内・外径用、平面用、歯車歯面やねじ面・カムなどの特殊曲面用などがある。普通の硬さの材料から、通常の切削工具では削れない焼入鋼や特殊合金鋼までの精密加工に、欠くことのできない工作機械である。

 研削盤は、精密仕上げが目的なので、機械を構成する各ユニットには、高い精度が要求される。高速で回転する砥石軸は、回転中、軸心が軸受内で安定しているとともに、発熱を抑える必要があるので、種々のくふうが施されたものが開発されている。たとえば、静圧軸受、動圧軸受、超精密転がり軸受、磁気軸受などがあげられる。また、きわめて微細な寸法を研削するためには、精度の高い砥石切込み装置が必要で、切込み装置のねじや歯車には、逆回転などのときに生じるあそび(バックラッシbacklash)を除くための機構が必要とされている。切込み装置だけでなく、各部案内での直進運動精度も高くなければならない。制御技術の進展に伴い、数値制御(NC:Numerical Controlled)研削盤が開発され、複雑形状の工作物への対応とともに、砥石の自動交換機能を搭載し、各種研削加工を同一機械上で行える複合研削盤も多く使われるようになってきている。

 砥石も研削能率の向上を目ざして新しいものが開発されている。砥石の外周(研削面)の速度が毎秒250メートルまで可能な高速研削用の砥石や、CBN(cubic boron nitride立方晶窒化ホウ素)砥石という、研削しにくい材料に対しても研削焼け、研削割れなどが生じにくく、また砥石摩耗が少なく安定した寸法精度が得られる砥石などがあげられる。

 研削盤には、自動定寸装置を用いたり、自動サイクル運転機能を付加したりして作業能率を高めた機種もある。

[清水伸二]

[参照項目] | 工具研削盤 | 数値制御工作機械 | 砥石
研削盤の構造(平面研削盤)
©高橋 真">

研削盤の構造(平面研削盤)


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