Ketone bodies

Japanese: ケトン体 - けとんたい
Ketone bodies

A general term for acetoacetic acid and the products D-3-hydroxybutyric acid and acetone, also called acetone bodies. Ketone bodies are produced in the liver by an enzyme system that converts excess acetyl coenzyme A produced by the oxidation of fatty acids and pyruvate into acetoacetic acid and D-3-hydroxybutyric acid. Because ketone bodies are not used in the liver, they are released into the blood and transported to peripheral tissues, where they are oxidized in the TCA cycle. Acetone is produced by nonenzymatic decarboxylation of acetoacetic acid and is excreted from the lungs into the exhaled air. Under normal circumstances, the concentration of ketone bodies in the blood is low, at 1 milligram per 100 milliliters in terms of acetone, and the amount excreted in urine is about 20 milligrams per day in humans. However, when there is a lack of sugar intake or high sugar consumption and fat breakdown is accelerated, such as during starvation or diabetes, the blood concentration of ketone bodies and their excretion in urine increase by nearly 100 times. These conditions are called ketosis and ketonuria, respectively. In addition, because acetoacetic acid and D-3-hydroxybutyric acid are acidic, the blood becomes acidic, resulting in acidosis (acidemia), and symptoms such as loss of consciousness and arrhythmia appear.

[Yasushi Iijima]

"Veterinary Clinical Biochemistry" by Jiro Kaneko, supervised by Kubo Shuichiro and Tomoda Isamu (1991, Kindai Publishing) " ▽ "Practical Treatment of Diabetes" edited by Suda Toshihiro (2000, Nagai Shoten)""Diabetes Guide" by Suzuki Yoshihiko (2001, Nanzando)""Lehninger's New Biochemistry, 3rd Edition, by A.L. Lehninger, D.L. Nelson, M.M. Cox, supervised by Yamashina Ikuo, edited by Kawazaki Toshisuke (2002, Hirokawa Shoten)"

[References] | Acidosis | Acetyl coenzyme A | Acetoacetate | Acetone | Fatty acids | TCA cycle | Diabetes | Pyruvate | Butyrate

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アセト酢酸およびこれから生ずるD-3-ヒドロキシ酪酸やアセトンの総称で、アセトン体ともいう。脂肪酸やピルビン酸の酸化による過剰のアセチル補酵素Aをアセト酢酸やD-3-ヒドロキシ酪酸に変える酵素系により、ケトン体が肝臓で生成される。肝臓ではケトン体が利用されないため、血液中に放出されて末梢(まっしょう)組織に運ばれ、TCA回路で酸化される。アセトンはアセト酢酸の非酵素的脱炭酸によって生じ、肺から呼気中へ排出される。正常の場合は血液中のケトン体濃度は低く、アセトンに換算して100ミリリットル中1ミリグラム、尿中への排出量はヒトで1日当り20ミリグラム程度であるが、飢餓あるいは糖尿病のときのように、糖分の摂取不足あるいは糖の消費が激しくて脂肪の分解が亢進(こうしん)している場合には、ケトン体の血液中濃度と尿への排出量が100倍近く増加する。このような状態をそれぞれケトーシスおよびケトン尿症という。また、アセト酢酸およびD-3-ヒドロキシ酪酸が酸性であるので血液が酸性に傾き、アシドーシス(酸血症)となって意識障害や不整脈などの症状が現れる。

[飯島康輝]

『Jiro Kaneko著、久保周一郎・友田勇監訳『獣医臨床生化学』(1991・近代出版)』『須田俊宏編著『糖尿病診療の実際』(2000・永井書店)』『鈴木吉彦著『糖尿病ガイド』(2001・南江堂)』『A・L・レーニンジャー、D・L・ネルソン、M・M・コックス著、山科郁男監修、川嵜敏祐編『レーニンジャーの新生化学』第3版(2002・廣川書店)』

[参照項目] | アシドーシス | アセチル補酵素A | アセト酢酸 | アセトン | 脂肪酸 | TCA回路 | 糖尿病 | ピルビン酸 | 酪酸

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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