Water of crystallization

Japanese: 結晶水 - けっしょうすい(英語表記)water of crystallization
Water of crystallization

Water contained in crystals as a structural element. It has a fixed composition in chemical formulas, occupies a fixed position in the crystal structure, and contributes to the stabilization of the crystal lattice, but it also has a fixed water vapor pressure (dissociation pressure) within a certain temperature range, and is gradually released when heated, often resulting in a change in the crystal structure. This type of water is also called bound water. Salts that contain water of crystallization are sometimes called hydrated salts. Bound water can be classified as follows, depending on the bond and state of existence:

(1) Coordinated water: Water that acts as a ligand to form a complex ion. The four water molecules in copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate, CuSO 4 ·5H 2 O, form the complex ion [Cu(H 2 O) 4 ] 2+ , which is responsible for the blue color.

(2) Anionic water The remaining water molecule in the previous example is hydrogen-bonded to the sulfate ion and is called anionic water. In this case, it is less likely to be dehydrated by heating than coordinated water.

(3) Lattice water: This is similar to zeolite water (described later), but it exists in a fixed composition by filling the spaces in the crystal structure. It is found in K 3 [Fe(CN) 6 ]·3H 2 O, K 2 [HgCl 4 ]·H 2 O, etc.

(4) Structural water: It exists as a hydroxide ion, but when heated it becomes H 2 O and escapes. It is found in Mg(OH) 2 , Na 2 [Sn(OH) 6 ], etc.

(5) Oxonium ion: Combined with a hydrogen ion to form H 3 O + . Found in acid crystals such as (H 3 O)ClO 4 .

Zeolitic water is water of crystallization in the broad sense of the word. It is contained in a rigid, cage-like crystal structure, and is continuously released by heating or reducing pressure, and its composition is not stoichiometric. There is almost no change in the crystal structure due to dehydration. It is so named because the water contained in zeolites is a typical example. There are also clathrate compounds (clathrate hydrates) in which water (ice) forms a cage-like structure to confine other molecules, but the water in these compounds is not considered water of crystallization.

In addition to water, crystals that crystallize from a solution of a certain solvent may incorporate solvent molecules as structural elements, which are called crystal solvents.

[Shinmyo Iwamoto, August 19, 2015]

[Reference item] | Bound water | Coordination water
Water of crystallization of copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO.5HO)
©Shogakukan ">

Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO・5HO…


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

結晶中に構造要素となって含まれる水。化学式中に一定の組成を示し、結晶構造中でも一定の位置を占め、結晶格子の安定化に寄与するが、一定温度範囲で一定の水蒸気圧(解離圧)を示し、熱すると段階的に放出され、それに伴い結晶構造が変化する例が多い。この種の水は結合水ともよばれる。結晶水をもつ塩を含水塩hydrated saltということもある。結合水は結合や存在の状態により、次のように分類される。

(1)配位水 配位子となって錯イオンをつくっている水。硫酸銅(Ⅱ)五水和物CuSO4・5H2Oの中の4分子の水は[Cu(H2O)4]2+の錯イオンをつくり、その青色の原因となっている。

(2)陰イオン水 前例の残りの1分子の水は硫酸イオンに水素結合しており、陰イオン水とよばれる。この場合、配位水よりも加熱によって脱水されにくい。

(3)格子水 後述の沸石水に似ているが、結晶構造中に生じた空間を満たして一定の組成で存在する水。K3[Fe(CN)6]・3H2O, K2[HgCl4]・H2Oなどにみられる。

(4)構造水 水酸化物イオンとして存在するが、加熱するとH2Oとなって脱出するもの。Mg(OH)2, Na2[Sn(OH)6]などにみられる。

(5)オキソニウムイオン 水素イオンと結合してH3O+となっているもの。(H3O)ClO4などの酸の結晶にみられる。

 沸石水zeolitic waterは広義の結晶水であり、剛直性のある籠(かご)状の結晶構造中に含まれ、加熱あるいは減圧によって連続的に脱出し、組成も定比にはならない。脱水による結晶構造の変化もほとんどない。沸石類(ゼオライト)に含まれる水が典型例のため、この名がある。別に、水(氷)が籠状構造をつくって他の分子を閉じ込める包接化合物(包接水和物)もあるが、その水は結晶水とはいわれていない。

 水以外でも、ある溶媒の溶液から晶出する結晶が溶媒分子を構造要素として取り込むことがあり、それを結晶溶媒という。

[岩本振武 2015年8月19日]

[参照項目] | 結合水 | 配位水
硫酸銅(Ⅱ)五水和物(CuSO・5HO)の結晶水
©Shogakukan">

硫酸銅(Ⅱ)五水和物(CuSO・5HO…


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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