Oppenheimer, John Robert

Japanese: オッペンハイマー(英語表記)Oppenheimer, John Robert
Oppenheimer, John Robert
Born: April 22, 1904, New York
Died: February 18, 1967. Princeton. American physicist. After graduating from Harvard University, he studied at Cambridge University in 1925, and studied under E. Rutherford at the Cavendish Laboratory. He moved to the University of Göttingen at the invitation of M. Born, and obtained his doctorate in 1927. After returning to the United States, he became a professor at the University of California and the California Institute of Technology, and during World War II, he directed the Manhattan Project (1943-45). After the war, he became chairman of the General Advisory Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) (1946-52), and also served as director of the Advanced Institute at Princeton University (1947-66). In 1949, he argued that the construction of a hydrogen bomb should not be rushed, and this caused a rift in his mind, leading to his expulsion from the AEC in June 1954 for "having previously been in contact with communists" (Oppenheimer Affair). In 1963, the stigma was cleared and the AEC awarded him the Fermi Prize. He made great contributions to the fields of positron theory, particle physics, nuclear theory, and astrophysics, and also contributed to the training of physicists. His philosophical works include Science and the Common understanding (54) and The Open Mind (55).

Oppenheimer
Oppenheimer, Franz

[Born] 1864
[Died] 1943
A German sociologist of Jewish descent. He started out as a doctor, but later became interested in social issues. He developed a unique theory of racial conflict, but his true aim was the establishment of a free civil society. His main works include Der Staat (1907) and System der Soziologie (4 volumes, 22-35).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1904.4.22. ニューヨーク
[没]1967.2.18. プリンストン
アメリカの物理学者。ハーバード大学卒業後,1925年ケンブリッジ大学に留学,キャベンディッシュ研究所で,E.ラザフォードに師事した。 M.ボルンの招きで,ゲッティンゲン大学に移り,27年学位取得。帰国後,カリフォルニア大学およびカリフォルニア工科大学の教授を経て,第2次世界大戦中はマンハッタン計画を指揮 (1943~45) 。戦後,アメリカ原子力委員会 AECの一般諮問委員会委員長となり (46~52) ,またプリンストン大学高級研究所所長もつとめた (47~66) 。 49年水爆製造を急ぐなと主張,それらがしこりとなって,54年6月に「かつて共産主義者と交際していた」ことを理由に AECから追放された (オッペンハイマー事件) 。 63年になって,その汚名がそそがれ AECからフェルミ賞が贈られた。陽電子論,素粒子論,原子核理論,天体物理学などの分野で業績を上げ,物理学者の育成にも貢献した。哲学的思索を収めた著作として『科学と常識』 Science and the Common understanding (54) ,『開かれた心』 The Open Mind (55) がある。

オッペンハイマー
Oppenheimer, Franz

[生]1864
[没]1943
ユダヤ系のドイツ社会学者。初め医師であったが,のち社会問題に興味をもつにいたった。独特の人種闘争説を展開させたが,彼の真のねらいは自由市民社会の樹立にあった。主著『国家論』 Der Staat (1907) ,『社会学大系』 System der Soziologie (4巻,22~35) など。

出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報

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