A kō group formed by parties who enter into a contract. They are roughly divided into two types. One is called a murayōai (village meeting) or keiyakukai (contract association) that is concluded from the perspective of the public life of the village. The other is a contract made in private life, such as a yui nakama (a group of people who need labor) or a tanomosi kō (a group of people who rely on one another financially). However, in reality, the two types are not clearly distinguished, but rather are mixed and have complex characteristics. Those with a public character have the function of managing the village and maintaining order. Those with a private character are many types, such as those that exchange labor like the yui nakama mentioned above, and those that enter into a contract to share the use of facilities, and are often used in all aspects of the life of the villagers. In Yamagata Prefecture, Miyagi Prefecture, etc., when the word keiyaku is used, it only means a group of people who help each other at funerals, and in some places it refers to a group that is more extensive than the kumi, which is based on local ties. This keiyaku has both public and private characteristics. Among those with a private character, there are those with a multi-layered nature, such as the Sumiyoshi ko, Ebisu ko, and Yama no Kami ko, which are combined with occupations and have religious elements. Furthermore, there are those that form contract ko based on character and age, and contracts can be said to be groups that were born out of the need for social cohesion. [Kamata Hisako] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
契約を結ぶ関係者によって結成された講集団をいう。大きく分けて2種類に分類される。一つはムラの公的生活のうえから締結されている村寄合(よりあい)、契約会などといわれているものである。他は私的生活において契約されるもので、労働力を必要とするユイ仲間、経済的に助けあう頼母子(たのもし)講などである。しかし実際には二つの性格は明確に区別されるものではなく、混在し、複雑な性格をもっている。公的性格をもつものは、村の運営を行い、その秩序を守ってゆく機能がある。私的性格をもつものは、前記のユイ仲間のごとく労働力を相互に交換しあうもの、設備を共同で使用するために契約を結ぶものなど種類も多く、ムラ人の生活全般にわたって活用されることが多い。山形県、宮城県などでは、ケイヤクといえば、葬式のときの相互扶助の仲間だけを意味し、地縁的なクミより広範囲の集団をさしている所もある。このケイヤクは、公的、私的、いずれの性格をも有している。私的性格をもつものには、職業と結合し、かつ信仰的要素をもつ住吉(すみよし)講、恵比須(えびす)講、山の神講など、重層性を有するものもある。さらに性格、年齢別によって契約講を構成するものもあり、契約は社会結合の必要から生まれた集団といえる。 [鎌田久子] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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