Morpheme - morpheme

Japanese: 形態素 - けいたいそ
Morpheme - morpheme

A linguistic term that refers to the smallest formal unit that has meaning. Honbako is divided into two parts, hon and bako. When used alone, hako is a box, so the morpheme hako has two forms, /hako/ and /bako/. Such a specific phoneme sequence is called an allomorph. That is, a morpheme is a representative allomorph. The te in "speaker" represents the actor, and has a different meaning from the te in "right hand". Therefore, these two /te/s belong to different morphemes. In addition, the English plural forms boys [bɔi-z] "multiple boys" and ox-en [ɔks-ən] "multiple cows" have different forms of the endings [-z] and [-ən], but the plural meaning is the same, so they are allomorphs of the same plural morpheme. An allomorph with a different form that is only associated with a specific word, ox, like [-ən], is called a supplement. Furthermore, sheep [ʃi:p] (sheep) is considered to have the same singular and plural form, but if the plural is analyzed as sheep-∅ (zero) and a plural ending of zero is set, all plurals can be explained in a consistent form of "singular + plural ending". Also, in the plural form men [men] of man [mæn] (person), the vowel inside can be considered to be replaced from [æ] to [e]. In the plural form boy-s, the first half boy is spoken as is, so it is a free form morpheme, but the latter half -s [-z] is always combined with other morphemes when used in speech, so it is said to be a bound form.

[Koizumi Tamotsu]

"Introduction to Linguistics for Japanese Language Teachers" by Tamotsu Koizumi (1993, Taishukan Shoten)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

意味をもつ最小の形式的単位を表す言語学の用語。本箱「ほんばこ」は「ほん」と「ばこ」という二つの意味をもつ部分に分けられる。「箱」は単独に用いられるときは「はこ」であるから、形態素の{hako}は/hako/と/bako/という二つの表れ方をする。このような具体的な音素連続の形をしたものを異形態allomorphという。すなわち、形態素は異形態の代表である。「話し手」の「て」は行為者を表していて、「右手」の「て」とは意味を異にする。したがって、これら二つの/te/は異なる形態素に属する。また、英語の複数形boys[bɔi-z]「複数の少年」とox-en[ɔks-ən]「複数の牛」では、語尾の[-z]と[-ən]の形は違っていても複数の意味は同じであるから、同じ複数形態素の異形態である。[-ən]のように、語形が異なっていて、特定の語oxとのみ結び付く異形態を補充形という。さらに、sheep[ʃi:p]「羊」は単複同形とされているが、複数形をsheep-∅(ゼロ)と分析し、ゼロの複数語尾を設定すると、複数形はすべて「単数形+複数語尾」という首尾一貫した形式で説明ができる。また、man[mæn]「人」の複数形men[men]では、なかの母音が[æ]→[e]に置き換えられると考えることもできる。なお、複数形boy-sにおいて、前半のboyはそのままで発話となるので、自由形式free formの形態素であるが、後半の-s[-z]はつねに他の形態素と結び付いて発話に用いられるので、結合形式bound formをなすという。

[小泉 保]

『小泉保著『日本語教師のための言語学入門』(1993・大修館書店)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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