This refers to the physical shape and characteristics of an organism, including not only visible shape, color, size, etc., but also biochemical and physiological characteristics, as well as behavior and movement characteristics. When the Austrian Mendel, who discovered Mendel's Law (1865), conducted crossbreeding experiments with peas, he used seven pairs of alternative traits, including pea seed shape and color, cotyledon color, pod shape and color, flower arrangement, and stem height. These hereditary traits are expressed based on the genetic information of genetic DNA present in the chromosomes in the nuclei of each cell that makes up the body of an organism, by being transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) and then translated into proteins. Since the genetic traits of an organism are determined by these proteins and enzymes, they may appear not only as morphological characteristics such as visible body shape, color, and size, but also as special proteins or enzyme activity. Furthermore, if the effect of the gene is expressed in the nerves or motor organs, it may be expressed as special movements or behaviors. The genetic traits of higher organisms are controlled by genes on autosomes or sex chromosomes, but traits controlled by genes on sex chromosomes are called sex-linked traits because they are transmitted and segregated differently in males and females. Quantitative traits such as length, weight, or color in animals and plants are often controlled by multiple genes and are called quantitative traits. Traits that are expressed in response to environmental influences during the developmental process and do not involve genetic changes are expressed only in that individual and are not passed on to offspring. Such traits are called acquired traits. [Kuroda Yukiaki] "Human Genetics" by Takashi Komai (1966, Baifukan Publishing)" ▽ "Plant Genetics 3: Physiological and Quantitative Traits" edited by Ryuhei Takahashi (1976, Shokabo Publishing)" ▽ "Collection of Papers in Commemoration of the 70th Birthday of Dr. Kinji Imanishi: Traits, Evolution, Primates" edited by Yasuyasu Kato, Sasuke Nakao, and Tadao Umesao (1977, Chuokoron-Shinsha Publishing)" ▽ "Expression and Evaluation of Traits Related to Aquatic Breeding" by Yoshihisa Fujio and Yoshihiko Taniguchi (1998, Kouseisha Kouseikaku Publishing)" ▽ "Genetics for the 21st Century 1: Basic Genetics" edited by Yukiaki Kuroda (1995, Shokabo Publishing)" ▽ "Introduction to Freshwater Algae: Traits, Types, Observations, and Research of Freshwater Algae" edited by Takao Yamagishi (1999, Uchida Rokakuho Publishing)" ▽ "Genetic Analysis of Quantitative Traits" by Yasuo Ukai (2002, Igaku Shuppan) " "The Mystery of the Midsummer Frog: Are Acquired Traits Inherited?" by Arthur Koestler, translated by Toshiko Ishida (Iwanami Gendai Bunko)" [References] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | laws| |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
生物のもっている体の形や特徴をいう。目で見える形や色、大きさなどのほか、生化学的、生理的な特徴、さらには行動や運動などの特徴も含まれる。 メンデルの法則を発見した(1865)オーストリアのメンデルがエンドウを用いて交雑実験を行ったときに用いたのも、エンドウの種子の形や色、子葉の色、サヤの形や色、花のつき方、茎の高さなど7対の対立形質である。 このような遺伝的な形質は、生物の体を構成している各細胞の核の中の染色体に存在している遺伝子DNAの遺伝情報に基づき、伝令リボ核酸(メッセンジャーRNA=messenger RNA、mRNA)に転写され、さらにタンパク質に翻訳されて発現する。生物のもつ遺伝的形質は、このようなタンパク質や酵素によって決まるので、それらが可視的な体の形や色、大きさなど形態的な特徴として現れるほか、特殊なタンパク質や酵素活性として現れる場合もある。さらに神経や運動器官にその遺伝子の作用が発現すれば、特殊な運動や行動として現れる場合もある。 高等生物の遺伝的形質は、常染色体または性染色体上の遺伝子によって支配されるが、性染色体上の遺伝子によって支配される形質は、雌雄、男女によって異なる伝達、分離を行うため伴性形質といわれる。また動植物の長さ、重さ、あるいは色調など量的な形質は、多数の遺伝子によって支配されるものが多く、量的形質という。発生の過程で、環境の影響を受けて発現する形質で遺伝子の変化を伴わないものは、その個体のみに発現し子孫には伝わらない。このような形質を獲得性形質という。 [黒田行昭] 『駒井卓著『人類の遺伝学』(1966・培風館)』▽『高橋隆平編『植物遺伝学3 生理形質と量的形質』(1976・裳華房)』▽『加藤泰安・中尾佐助・梅棹忠夫編『今西錦司博士古稀記念論文集 形質 進化 霊長類』(1977・中央公論社)』▽『藤尾芳久・谷口順彦著『水産育種に関わる形質の発現と評価』(1998・恒星社厚生閣)』▽『黒田行昭編著『21世紀への遺伝学1 基礎遺伝学』(1995・裳華房)』▽『山岸高旺編著『淡水藻類入門 淡水藻類の形質・種類・観察と研究』(1999・内田老鶴圃)』▽『鵜飼保雄著『量的形質の遺伝解析』(2002・医学出版)』▽『アーサー・ケストラー著、石田敏子訳『サンバガエルの謎――獲得形質は遺伝するか』(岩波現代文庫)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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