A type of human being who acts economically rationally, with the sole criterion of maximizing one's own economic interests. Homo economicus is a translation of the Latin homo œconoicus. It is a general image of a human being in an economic society that classical economists assumed as a theoretical premise when explaining the laws of economic society. Therefore, it can be said to be an abstract typology of the behavioral principles of the bourgeoisie, which was the driving force of economic society at the time. Classical economists understood that the laws of economic phenomena are the rationality of economic society itself, and that the source of that rationality lies in the rationality of each individual person when engaging in economic activities. Furthermore, they understood that the harmonious development of economic society in accordance with economic laws is the natural and inevitable result of each individual's "selfish" and rational economic activities. Economists of the German Historical School, who perceived this idea of harmonious economic development through laissez-faire as an ideology from Great Britain, which dominated the world economy as an advanced nation at the time, criticized the assumption of the economic man that underlies laissez-faire, saying that humans do not act solely out of "selfishness." However, classical economists also did not believe that human nature is generally "selfish," and the economic man should be understood as a methodological hypothesis conceived of the principles of human economic behavior in order to construct economic theory. The assumption that individual economic agents behave in an economically rational manner is still valid when conceiving economic theory in modern times. [Shuta Sasaki] [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
自己の経済的利益を極大化することを唯一の行動基準として経済合理的に行動する人間の類型をいう。ホモ・エコノミクスhomo œconoicus(ラテン語)の訳語。古典学派の経済学者が、経済社会の法則を説明する際に、理論の前提として想定した経済社会における一般的人間像である。したがって、当時の経済社会の推進力となっていたブルジョアジーの行動原理を抽象して類型化したものともいえる。古典学派の経済学者は、経済現象の法則性とは経済社会の合理性そのものであると理解し、その合理性の根源は個々の人間が経済活動を行う際の合理性にあると考えた。さらに彼らは、経済法則に従って経済社会が調和的に発展するのは、個々人の「利己的」で合理的な経済活動の自然必然的な結果であると把握した。こうした自由放任主義による経済の調和的発展という考え方は、当時先進国として世界経済を支配していたイギリスのイデオロギーである、と受け止めたドイツ歴史学派の経済学者は、自由放任主義の根底にある経済人の想定そのものを、人間は「利己心」だけで行動するものではない、と批判したのである。しかし、古典学派の経済学者も、人間の本性一般が「利己的」であると考えたわけではなく、経済人というのは、経済理論を構築するために、人間の経済上の行動原理を方法的仮説として構想したものと理解すべきである。個々の経済主体が経済合理的に行動すると想定することは、現代において経済理論を構想する際にも有効性をもつものと考えられる。 [佐々木秀太] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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