It is a disease caused by an autosomal abnormality and is characterized by distinctive facial features and mental retardation. It occurs in 1 in 650 to 700 births. In 1866, British physician Langdon Down reported a special group of mental retardation as "Mongolian idiocy," and hence it was also called Mongolism. However, in 1959, J. Lejeune and others discovered that the cause of the disease was a chromosomal abnormality, and since it was established as a disease entity, it has come to be called Down's syndrome. Clinically, the patient is short and obese, and has poor muscle tone, which delays motor development in infancy, such as holding up the head and rolling over. Intelligence shows various degrees of mental retardation. The personality is gentle. The facial features are characteristic, with a broad, brachycephalic head, a flat face, eyes that are turned outward and upward, and the inner corners of the eyes that are covered by drooping eyelids, a wide and flat nose, and a low nasal bridge, showing a so-called saddle nose. The mouth is often open with the tongue sticking out, and deformations of the teeth and ears may be observed. On the hands, the fingers, especially the fifth finger (little finger), are short and curved inward, showing clinodactyly. On the palms, monkey lines (lines that cross the palms) are seen in nearly half of the cases. Down syndrome is frequently associated with congenital heart disease, gastrointestinal malformations, and leukemia. Diagnosis is relatively easy based on clinical characteristics and skin patterns (palm prints), but confirmation is made by chromosome testing. The chromosomal abnormality is trisomy 21 of the autosomal chromosome, in which there are three chromosomes due to nondisjunction during meiosis, and is seen in 90-95% of cases of Down syndrome. In addition, there are a few cases of translocation trisomy, in which the extra chromosome 21 is translocated to another chromosome, and mosaic trisomy, in which trisomy 21 is mixed with cells with a normal karyotype, and the clinical symptoms vary significantly depending on the degree of mixing. [Yamaguchi Noriko] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
特有な顔貌(がんぼう)と精神遅滞を特徴とする、常染色体異常による疾患である。650~700人に1人の割合で出生する。 イギリスの医師ダウンLangdon Downが1866年に、特殊な精神遅滞の一群を「蒙古人型白痴(もうこじんがたはくち)」と報告したので、蒙古症(モンゴリズムMongolism)ともよばれてきたが、1959年にレジャンJ. Lejeuneらによって病因が染色体異常であることが究明され、疾患単位として確立して以来、ダウン症候群とよばれるようになった。 臨床像としては、体型は低身長で肥満傾向がみられ、筋緊張が低下するので、乳児期の首の座りや寝返りなどの運動発達が遅滞する。知能は種々の程度の精神遅滞を示す。性格は温順である。顔貌が特徴的で、頭は幅が広い短頭、顔は平坦(へいたん)、目は目じりが外上方につり上がり、目頭は瞼(まぶた)が垂れ下がって覆われ、鼻根部は幅広くて扁平(へんぺい)で、鼻梁(びりょう)(鼻すじ)が低く、いわゆる鞍鼻(あんび)を示す。また、口を開いて舌を出していることが多く、歯や耳の変形を認めることがある。手では、指、とくに第5指(小指)が短く、内方に彎曲(わんきょく)し、斜指症を示す。手掌では猿線(さるせん)(手掌を横断する線)が半数近くにみられる。 ダウン症候群は、先天性心疾患、消化管の形態異常、白血病の合併頻度が高い。 診断は、臨床的特徴と皮膚紋理(掌紋)から比較的容易であるが、染色体検査によって確定する。 染色体異常は常染色体21番目のトリソミーtrisomy(三染色体性)で、通常は1対2本の染色体が減数分裂時の不分離によって3本あり、ダウン症候群では90~95%にみられる。このほか、過剰の21番目の染色体が他の染色体に転座している転座型トリソミーや、21番目のトリソミーと核型正常細胞が混在しているモザイク型トリソミーなどが、わずかながらみられ、混在の度合いによって臨床症状が著しく異なる。 [山口規容子] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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