Economic cooperation

Japanese: 経済協力 - けいざいきょうりょく(英語表記)economic cooperation
Economic cooperation

It refers to international economic cooperation, particularly economic cooperation between developed countries and developing countries. In this case, it includes cooperation through the flow of funds, cooperation through trade, and cooperation in technology and education.

Financial cooperation is usually called economic aid, and according to the definition of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which is responsible for this, it consists of (1) Official Development Assistance (ODA) (bilateral grants, grant aid, technical cooperation, direct loans on favorable terms, investments and contributions to international organizations, etc.), (2) other government funds (export credits with a term of more than one year, direct investment financing, loans to international organizations, grants by non-profit organizations, etc.). In reality, it is problematic to include private funds, which are driven by private profit motives, in aid, but if we focus on the availability of funds and their functions, this can also be said to contribute to developing countries.

Cooperation in the area of ​​trade refers to policies by developed countries to reduce import barriers, both tariff and non-tariff, and open their markets to products from developing countries. In the wake of the worsening Asian currency and financial crisis that began in the latter half of 1997, the focus has been on the scale of financial cooperation and structural reforms in the recipient countries, but ultimately, expanding exports is essential to repay loans, and cooperation through expanding imports from developed countries, particularly Japan, which makes this possible, is important.

In terms of international economic cooperation, economic coordination among multiple countries in the face of a global economic crisis, regardless of whether they are developed or developing, can also be considered a type of economic cooperation. Examples include the coordination among countries over fiscal, monetary and exchange rate policies that have been discussed annually at the Summit of Advanced Industrial Countries, and the policy coordination by the G20 (Group of Twenty) after the Lehman Shock in 2008.

[Atsushi Murakami]

[References] | Technical Assistance | Foreign Aid | North-South Problem

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

国際間の経済上の協力をいい、とくに先進国の開発途上国に対する経済協力をさすことが多い。この場合、資金の流れを通しての協力、貿易を通しての協力、さらに技術や教育面での協力などを含んでいる。

 資金面での協力は、通常、経済援助といわれるもので、これを担当している経済協力開発機構(OECD)の開発援助委員会(DAC(ダック))の定義に従えば、(1)政府開発援助(ODA)(二国間贈与、無償資金供与、技術協力、有利な条件での直接借款、国際機関への出資・拠出など)、(2)その他の政府資金(1年を超える輸出信用、直接投資金融、国際機関への融資など)、(3)民間資金(1年を超える輸出信用、直接投資、国際機関に対する融資、非営利団体による贈与など)からなっている。本来、私的利潤動機で左右される民間資金を援助に含めることには問題があるが、資金の利用可能性やその機能に着目すれば、これもまた開発途上国に貢献しているといえよう。

 貿易面での協力とは、先進国が関税、非関税両面において輸入障壁を軽減し、開発途上国の商品に市場を開放する政策をさしている。1997年後半以降、深刻化したアジアの通貨・金融危機に際しても、資金的協力の規模、被協力国の構造改革などに焦点があてられているが、最終的には融資返済のために輸出拡大が不可欠であり、これを可能とする先進国、とくに日本の輸入拡大を通しての協力が重要である。

 国際間の経済上の協力という点では、先進国、開発途上国を問わず、世界的な経済危機に際会しての多数国間での経済協調も、一種の経済協力といってよい。先進国首脳会議で毎年議論されてきた財政金融政策、為替政策を巡っての各国間での調整や、2008年におきた「リーマン・ショック」後のG20(主要20か国・地域)による政策協調が、その例である。

[村上 敦]

[参照項目] | 技術援助 | 対外援助 | 南北問題

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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