Also called "guneki." Military obligations that samurai provided to their lord. In the Kamakura period, gokenin (vassals of the shogunate) provided military service to the Kamakura shogunate, both in peacetime and in times of emergency. This obligation was an obligation of the gokenin's status, and the gokenin served in the military by leading their families, which were their ie-no-koro-to (elderly retainers). The Muromachi shogunate largely inherited this system, but in the Sengoku period, sengoku daimyo (feudal lords) conscripted military service from their vassals through the yori-oya/yori-ko system, and organized powerful military forces. However, it was only after the Azuchi-Momoyama period that military service was established as the most important form of compensation for the fiefdom bestowed by a lord, that is, service in return for the favor. The military service system, which began with Toyotomi Hideyoshi's "Military Service in Korea" and was revised and finalized by the Edo Shogunate's military service orders in 1616 (Genwa 2), 1633 (Kan'ei 10), and 1649 (Keian 2), set the burden of military service based on the fiefdom's rice yield, which was based on the kokudaka system. Some say that the 1649 provision of the Shogunate's military service regulations remained a private proposal. These Shogunate military service regulations stipulated the military service of daimyo, hatamoto, and gokenin to the Shogunate, and for example, for a fief of 10,000 koku, the number of men was 235, 10 horses, 20 guns, 10 bows, 30 spears, and 3 flags. These burdens were not only for wartime, but also for peacetime service to the Shogunate, including alternate attendance. The feudal lords, or daimyo, also established their own military service regulations in accordance with these shogunate regulations. For example, in 1637, the Tsu (Todo) domain, with a fief of 1,000 koku, established detailed regulations requiring five young attendants, one archer, one gunner, one medicine carrier, four tool carriers, two armor carriers, five horse handlers, one armor stand, one pole carrier, two box carriers, two lunch carriers, two sandal carriers, and three laborers, for a total of 30 people. The daimyo organized the military forces they conscripted from these domain samurai into military service on a domain basis, and performed military service for the shogunate. Towards the end of the Edo period, when it became necessary to reorganize military forces, the shogunate revised military service regulations twice, in 1862 (Bunkyu 2) and 1866 (Keio 2). These revisions stipulated the organization of Western-style military forces and the conversion of part of military service to cash payment. However, with the collapse of the shogunate, military service was completely abolished with the establishment of the Chindaihei in 1870 (Meiji 3), the establishment of the Ministry of Army and Navy the following year, and the issuance of the Conscription Law. [Junnosuke Sasaki] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
「ぐんえき」ともいう。武士が主君に対して提供する軍事上の負担。鎌倉時代には、御家人(ごけにん)が鎌倉幕府に対して、平時の番役や非常時における軍役を負担した。その負担は御家人という身分に義務づけられているものであって、御家人は家子郎党(いえのころうとう)の一族を率いて軍役を勤めた。室町幕府もほぼそれを継承したが、戦国時代になると、戦国大名は寄親(よりおや)・寄子(よりこ)制によって家臣から軍役を徴し、強大な軍事力を編成した。 しかし、武士が主君から与えられる知行(ちぎょう)に対する代償、すなわち御恩に対する奉公のなかでもっとも重要なものとして、軍役が確立するのは、安土(あづち)桃山時代以後のことである。豊臣(とよとみ)秀吉の「朝鮮陣軍役立」に始まり、江戸幕府の1616年(元和2)、33年(寛永10)、49年(慶安2)の軍役令によって改定され確定された軍役制度は、石高(こくだか)制に基づく知行石高を基準として軍役負担を定めたものである。なお、この幕府の軍役規定のうち、49年の規定は、私案にとどまっていたものであるとする意見もある。これら幕府の軍役規定は、幕府に対する大名、旗本、御家人の軍役を定めているが、それはたとえば、知行高1万石については、人数235人、馬上10騎、鉄砲20挺(ちょう)、弓10張、槍(やり)30本、旗3本というものであった。そして、このような負担の量は、戦時だけではなく、参勤交代をも含む平時の幕府に対する奉公の際の基準ともされていた。 藩主である大名もまた、この幕府の規定にのっとって、それぞれの藩の軍役規定を定めた。たとえば1637年、津(藤堂(とうどう))藩は、知行高1000石に対し、若党5人、弓者1人、鉄砲者1人、薬持1人、道具持4人、具足持2人、馬取5人、甲立1人、指物竿(さしものさお)1人、挟箱2人、弁当2人、草履(ぞうり)取2人、人足3人、合計30人という細かな規定を定めている。大名は、これらの藩士から軍役として徴した軍事力を藩単位に編成して、幕府への軍役奉公を行ったのである。 幕末に至って軍事力の再編が必要となると、幕府は1862年(文久2)、66年(慶応2)の二度にわたって軍役規定の改定を行った。それは、洋式軍隊の編成や軍役の一部を金納化することなどを定めたものであった。しかし幕府倒壊に伴い、70年(明治3)の鎮台兵設置、翌年の陸海軍省の設置および徴兵令の発布によって、軍役は全廃された。 [佐々木潤之介] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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