Born: March 14, 1879 in Ulm, Germany [Died] April 18, 1955. Princeton, New Jersey, USA German-born theoretical physicist. Studied at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. After working as a patent office engineer in Bern, he served as professor at the University of Prague, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, and the University of Berlin. In 1933, he fled Nazi Germany and went to the United States, where he conducted research at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. While submitting his doctoral thesis to the University of Zurich in 1905, he published four papers in succession, one on the theoretical elucidation of Brownian motion, the light quantum hypothesis (→ photoelectric effect), the theory of special relativity, and the equivalence of mass and energy. All of these were groundbreaking in the history of physics. In 1916, he published the general theory of relativity, predicting that light rays passing near the sun are bent, which was confirmed by Arthur Stanley Eddington's observations during a total solar eclipse in 1919. He also worked to construct a unified field theory that encompasses gravitation and electromagnetic forces. He also made many contributions to quantum statistical mechanics, but continued to oppose the Copenhagen interpretation proposed by Niels Bohr and others, which became mainstream as quantum mechanics developed (→EPR Paradox). He was an ardent pacifist and made every effort to help his Jewish compatriots. During World War II, he recommended the development of an atomic bomb to American President Franklin D. Roosevelt to counter the threat of the Nazis (→Manhattan Project), but after the war he passionately appealed for the elimination of the danger of nuclear war. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921. Einstein |
[生]1879.3.14. ドイツ,ウルム [没]1955.4.18. アメリカ合衆国,ニュージャージー,プリンストン ドイツ出身の理論物理学者。チューリヒのスイス連邦工科大学に学ぶ。ベルンの特許局技師を経て,プラハ大学,スイス連邦工科大学,ベルリン大学で教授を歴任したが,1933年ナチス政権のドイツを逃れてアメリカ合衆国に渡り,プリンストン高等研究所で研究生活を送った。1905年にチューリヒ大学に学位論文を提出する一方,ブラウン運動の理論的解明,光量子仮説(→光電効果),特殊相対性理論,質量とエネルギーの等価性の,それぞれに関する四つの論文を次々と発表。いずれも物理学史上画期的なものであった。1916年には一般相対性理論を発表して,太陽のそばを通る光線が屈曲することを予測し,これは 1919年の皆既日食の際,アーサー・スタンレー・エディントンの観測により確かめられた。さらに万有引力と電磁気力を包含する統一場理論の構築に努めた。量子統計力学にも多くの業績を上げたが,量子力学の発展につれて主流を占めたニールス・ボーアらのコペンハーゲン解釈には最後まで反対し続けた(→EPRパラドックス)。熱烈な平和主義者であり,ユダヤ人の同胞のためにも献身的な努力を惜しまなかった。第2次世界大戦に際しては,ナチスの脅威に対抗するためにアメリカのフランクリン・D.ルーズベルト大統領に原子爆弾の開発を勧告したが(→マンハッタン計画),戦後は核戦争の危険性を除去するよう熱心に訴えた。1921年ノーベル物理学賞受賞。 アインシュタイン
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