Chronometer - Kuronomēta (English spelling) chronometer

Japanese: クロノメーター - くろのめーたー(英語表記)chronometer
Chronometer - Kuronomēta (English spelling) chronometer

Generally speaking, it refers to a highly accurate clock, but in astronomical navigation it is an important nautical instrument for knowing the exact time. It is also called a marine chronometer, a clock indicator, or a meridian indicator. Currently, in Japan, quartz electronic clocks and radio-controlled clocks have become popular for use on ships, and have almost completely replaced them, but historically they were widely used around the world for a long period of time.

[Torao Mozai and Kuniyuki Motomochi]

Marine chronometer

A rudimentary celestial navigation method for determining latitude by measuring the altitude of the North Star or the sun on the meridian has been widely used since ancient times. However, to measure the altitude of a celestial body to the east or west and determine longitude, an accurate clock was needed because the celestial body continues to move from east to west over time. In 1714, England offered a prize of 20,000 pounds to encourage the development of an accurate clock. In response to this, J. Harrison produced the first chronometer in 1735, and in 1761 produced the fourth chronometer, which was accurate enough to fully satisfy the conditions for the first prize, and won the prize. This was an excellent result with an error of 54 seconds over a 156-day voyage. Its characteristics are that, although it is basically a spring clock, it continues to operate even while being wound, does not slow down due to temperature changes, and has a built-in device that keeps the rotational force of the clock constant even when the spring is loosened. After that, research and improvements were made, and by the beginning of the 19th century, the marine chronometer had become an almost complete portable high-precision clock.

However, now in the 21st century, radio navigation instruments (Differential Global Positioning System (DGNSS), Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS), and other radio navigation satellite systems) are used to determine the position of aircraft and ships, and radio-controlled clocks that automatically align themselves to standard time every hour and always keep the time difference with standard time to within a few milliseconds have become widespread, so it can be said that the era of the chronometer mentioned above is over.

[Torao Mozai and Kuniyuki Motomochi]

International Chronometer Testing Institute

It is now a historical story, but from the beginning of the 19th century, some European observatories started to hold accuracy tests and competitions for watches, and manufacturers made it a habit to submit their products to the observatories. The characteristic of a marine chronometer was that it had a detent escapement and was very accurate, but in the second half of the 19th century, high-precision watches began to be made using lever escapements, which became widely used after that, and the definition of chronometer became unclear and was sometimes abused. At the Chronometer Certification Working Committee held in Spiez, Switzerland in 1952, except for the UK, which insisted that chronometers were marine chronometers, France and Switzerland, in order to defend the name associated with high-precision watches, decided that watches that can be labeled as chronometers must have passed the required tests at an internationally recognized institution and have an officially recognized rate certificate. After this, the committee became the International Chronometer Certification Association, and Germany, Italy, and Japan joined in 1970 (Showa 45). Depending on the size of the mechanism, the type of regulator, and the purpose, watches were classified as wristwatches, pocket watches, marine chronometers, etc., and were inspected according to the standards set by the respective authorized inspection laboratories. Of these, only mechanical wristwatches were inspected according to the unified standards set by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

However, with the rapid spread of quartz watches, which are extremely accurate compared to mechanical watches, the appeal of the chronometer title faded away, and the association ceased its activities when Japan withdrew from the association in 1983.

[Torao Mozai and Kuniyuki Motomochi]

"Nautical Instruments Research Notes, Vol. 1" edited by Torao Shigezai (1966, Boating Association Publishing Division)""Illustrated Encyclopedia of Clocks, by Bailli, Craton, and Ilbert, translated by Heizo Onishi (1980, Yuzankaku Publishing)" ▽ "Behind History There Is a Clock! -- Watching World Events with a Clock" by Ichiro Oda (1998, Green Arrow Publishing)"

[Reference] | Navigational instruments | International Organization for Standardization | Quartz clock | Electronic clock | Radio navigation | Radio-controlled clock | Celestial navigation | Clock | Harrison
Chronometer
It was used to measure the longitude of the observation point at the Latitude Observatory (now the Mizusawa VLBI Observatory). Kimura Ei Memorial Museum, Oshu City, Iwate Prefecture © National Astronomical Observatory of Japan ">

Chronometer


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

広くは精度の高い時計のことをいうが、とくに天文航海術においては正確な時刻を知るための重要な航海計器の一つのことをいう。マリンクロノメーターあるいは、時辰儀(じしんぎ)、経線儀などともいう。現在、日本では水晶式電子時計や電波時計が船舶用としても普及したため、ほとんどこれにとってかわられたが、歴史的にいえば長期にわたって世界的に広く用いられていた。

[茂在寅男・元持邦之]

マリンクロノメーター

昔から北極星、または子午線上の太陽の高度を測って緯度を求める初歩的天文航法は広く用いられた。しかし、東または西に向かって天体の高度を測り経度を求めるためには、その天体が時とともに東から西へと運動を続けているので、正確な時計が必要とされた。イギリスは1714年に賞金2万ポンドをかけて、正確な時計の出現を促した。これに応じてJ・ハリソンは、1735年にクロノメーター第1号を製作し、1761年には1等賞の条件を完全に満たす精度のクロノメーター第4号を製作して賞金を獲得した。これは156日の航海で54秒の誤差という好成績であった。その特徴は、基本的にぜんまい時計であるが、ねじを巻く間も運転が持続し、温度の変化に対しても遅速を生ずることなく、ぜんまいが緩んできても時計の回転力が一定になる装置などを内蔵している点にある。その後研究、改良が進み、19世紀初めにはマリンクロノメーターは、ほぼ完成された可搬の高精度時計となった。

 しかし21世紀の現時点では、航空機や船舶の位置決定には電波航法計器類(ディファレンシャル世界衛星航法システム=DGNSSやディファレンシャル全地球測位システム=DGPS、その他の電波航法衛星システム)も使われており、正確な時刻については標準時に対して毎時間自動整合を行い、標準時との時間差はつねに数ミリ秒以下を保つというような電波時計が普及しており、上記のクロノメーターの時代は終わったといえよう。

[茂在寅男・元持邦之]

国際クロノメーター検定協会

いまでは歴史的な話となったが、19世紀の初めごろから、ヨーロッパのいくつかの天文台は時計の精度検定や精度コンクールを始め、製造者は製品を天文台に提出するのが習慣となった。マリンクロノメーターの特徴は、デテント脱進機を備え、非常に正確であるということであったが、19世紀後半に、その後広く用いられるようになったレバー脱進機を用いて高精度の時計がつくられるようになり、クロノメーターの定義は不明確となり、ときには乱用された。1952年スイスのスピーツで開かれたクロノメーター検定作業委員会で、クロノメーターはマリンクロノメーターであると固執するイギリスを除き、フランスとスイスは高精度時計に結び付いたこの名称を擁護するため、クロノメーターと表示できる時計は、国際的に公認された機関で所定の試験に合格し公認の歩度証明書をもつものと決めた。この後、委員会は国際クロノメーター検定協会となり、ドイツ、イタリア、そして1970年(昭和45)には日本も加盟した。機械の大きさ、調速機の種類、用途によって、腕時計、懐中時計、マリンクロノメーターなどに分類され、それぞれの公認検定所の定める基準値で検定されていた。このうち機械式腕時計だけは国際標準化機構(ISO)で統一された基準値によった。

 しかし、機械時計に比べきわめて高精度な水晶時計の急速な普及によってクロノメーターの称号に対する魅力は失われ、日本の退会(1983)とともにこの協会はその活動を停止した。

[茂在寅男・元持邦之]

『茂在寅男編『航海計器研究ノート 第1集』(1966・舟艇協会出版部)』『バイリ、クラトン、イルバート著、大西平三訳『図説時計大鑑』(1980・雄山閣出版)』『織田一朗著『歴史の陰に時計あり!!――時計で世界の出来事をウオッチング』(1998・グリーンアロー出版社)』

[参照項目] | 航海計器 | 国際標準化機構 | 水晶時計 | 電子時計 | 電波航法 | 電波時計 | 天文航法 | 時計 | ハリソン
クロノメーター
緯度観測所(現、水沢VLBI観測所)で、観測地点の経度測定に使用された。岩手県奥州市 木村榮記念館©国立天文台">

クロノメーター


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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