It means openness. Along with democratization, it was one of the pillars that supported perestroika by making information held by the Soviet authorities publicly available. Gorbachev mentioned the importance of glasnost when he became General Secretary in 1985, but it became more serious after the Chernobyl nuclear accident (1986). Its purpose was to criticize the conservative bureaucrats who were an obstacle to perestroika and to revitalize the passive people. Newspapers and magazines such as Ogonyok, Arguments and Facts, and Moscow News played a central role, revealing the negative aspects of Soviet society, from the injustice and corruption of the nomenklatura and the illegal activities of the KGB, and many banned literary works and films were published and released. In particular, there was a lively reexamination of the history of the Stalin era. Glasnost gradually expanded to the liberalization of speech and thought, and criticism of the government and the party also began to appear. It can be said that the change in citizens' attitudes brought about by glasnost was the driving force behind the abolition of one-party dictatorship and the prevention of the August coup. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
公開性の意。ソビエト連邦当局がもっている情報を一般に公開することで,民主化とならんでペレストロイカを支えた柱の一つ。ゴルバチョフは 1985年に書記長に就任した際グラスノスチの重要性に言及していたが,チェルノブイリ原発事故 (1986) をきっかけに本格化した。その目的は,ペレストロイカの障害となっていた保守官僚を批判するとともに,受動的な国民を活性化することにあった。『アガニョーク』,『論拠と事実』,『モスクワ・ニュース』などの新聞・雑誌が中心的役割を果し,ノメンクラトゥーラの不正や腐敗,国家保安委員会 KGBの違法活動からソ連社会の否定的側面まで明らかにされるようになり,禁止されていた多くの文学作品や映画も出版,公開されるようになった。特にスターリン時代の歴史の見直しも活発になった。グラスノスチは次第に言論・思想の自由化へと拡大し,政府・党への批判も現れるようになった。グラスノスチによる市民の意識改革が,一党独裁の廃止や8月クーデター阻止の原動力となったといえる。
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