Group - Kumi

Japanese: 組 - くみ
Group - Kumi

It is a functional (interest) group based on local ties that is formed in the smallest area of ​​a Japanese village. It can be said to be an organization made up of neighborhood groups that live together in a village with mutual assistance. There is a similar organization called a kou, but it is founded on religious beliefs and is different in nature.

A group is usually made up of a few or a dozen households. Therefore, a district (village) is often divided into several groups. The names for these groups vary depending on the region, but typical examples include "Tsubo," "Kaito," "Hogiri," "Keiyaku," "Kado," and "Goningumi." Groups are also called "funeral groups," "festival groups," "construction groups (roof associations)," or "Yui groups," because they fulfill functions such as mutual assistance, festivals, ceremonial occasions, construction, and fire and flood defense. In Japanese villages, which serve as regional communities, there are many types of functional groups (associations) called groups, which exist like their various organs and each fulfills its own role.

There are various theories that classify the basic structure of Japanese families and villages as "family alliances" (kin and group) and "family ties and group ties" (kogumi ties). The former is a theory that establishes two types: one in which the main family is at the top and families related by genealogy are ranked in a pyramid shape, and the other in which families exist in parallel on an equal footing. The latter is a theory that considers these two types as village types. These theories capture the characteristics of Japanese families and villages well, so while keeping this in mind, it would be good to develop theories that are more in line with real society and historical processes.

Incidentally, in Japanese history, there have been times when rulers have taken notice of the ties between kumi as neighborhood groups and incorporated and utilized them as low-level units in the national administrative apparatus. That is to say, in the Edo period, the Gonin-gumi system was established, positioning kumi in the administrative system and allowing them to fulfill the functions of mutual prosecution through collective responsibility, joint guarantees, and mutual aid and mutual assistance. In the Showa period, the Tonarigumi system was established during wartime, which also controlled kumi as administrative units and allowed them to fulfill low-level functions. However, it should be noted that the original kumi were different in nature from those incorporated into such administrative systems, and were instead groups that arose from real local ties.

[Tetsuo Ninomiya]

"Buraku and Groups" by Mori Zuiichi (included in Studies of Mountain Village Life edited by Yanagita Kunio, 1937, Folklore Society)" ▽ "Japanese Houses" by Ariga Kizaemon (included in The Japanese People, 1952, Iwanami Shoten) " ▽ "The Social Character of Japanese Rural Villages" by Fukutake Nao (1949, University of Tokyo Press)""Village and Groups" by Ninomiya Tetsuo (included in Lecture Series on Japanese Folklore 2: Social Structure, 1980, Yuseido Publishing)"

[Reference] | Kakiuchi | Ko | Gonin-gumi|Tonari -gumi

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

日本の村落のなかで、もっとも狭い地区につくられた地縁的な機能(関心)集団のことをいう。村落内で相互扶助的な共同生活を営んでいる近隣集団のつくる組織だといってよい。同種のものに講とよばれるものがあるが、それは信仰的なものを成立の基盤とするものであり、性格上異なる点をもっている。

 組は、普通数戸ないし十数戸によって構成されている。そこで、一つの地区(村落)は、いくつかの組に分かれている場合が多い。その呼び名は、地方によって異なるが、代表的なものには、「坪(つぼ)」「垣内(かいと)」「方切(ほうぎり)」「契約」「門(かど)」あるいは「五人組」などがある。また、組は、共同扶助と、祭礼、冠婚葬祭、普請、火災・水害防衛などの機能を果たすところから、「葬式組」「祭組」「普請組(屋根講)」あるいは「ゆい組」などともよばれる。日本の地域共同社会(コミュニティ)としての村落には、こうした組とよばれる多種類の機能集団(アソシエーション)が、あたかもその諸器官のように存在し、それぞれの役割を果たしているのである。

 日本の家と村落の基本構造を形づくるものとして、「同族と組」という家連合の類型と、「同族結合と講組結合」という村落の類型を設ける諸説がある。前者は、本家を頂点として、系譜関係をもつ家々が、ピラミッド型に序列づけられてできるタイプのものと、家々が平等の資格で並列的に存在してできるタイプのものとの、二つのタイプを設けた説である。そして後者は、こうした二つのタイプを村落の型として考えた説である。これらの諸説は、日本の家と村落についての諸特徴をよくとらえているから、その点は生かしながらも、よりいっそう現実社会や歴史的過程に即したものとして、理論的発展を図るとよいだろう。

 ところで、日本の歴史のなかで、為政者が、近隣集団としての組の結合に着目して、それを国家の行政機構の末端の単位として組み入れ、利用したことがあった。すなわち、江戸時代には、五人組の制度を敷くことによって、それを行政上に位置づけ、連帯責任による相互検察、共同担保、互助共済の機能を果たさせたのであった。また、昭和に入って、戦時下、隣組制度が敷かれたのは、同じく組を、行政上の単位として掌握し、末端の機能を果たさせたものであった。しかし、本来の組は、こうした行政制度のなかに組み入れられたものとは性格的に異なるものであって、逆に現実の地縁結合のなかから発生した集団であるという点は、注意しておかなければならない。

[二宮哲雄]

『守随一著「部落と組」(柳田国男編『山村生活の研究』所収・1937・民間伝承の会)』『有賀喜左衞門著「日本の家」(『日本民族』所収・1952・岩波書店)』『福武直著『日本農村の社会的性格』(1949・東京大学出版会)』『二宮哲雄著「ムラと組」(『講座日本の民俗2 社会構成』所収・1980・有精堂出版)』

[参照項目] | 垣内 | | 五人組 | 隣組

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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