Laws written in cuneiform on mud tablets. The term cuneiform law was first used by the German legal historian Paul Koschaker (1879-1951). Development of this field began in 1621 when the Italian traveler Pietro della Valle (1586-1652) introduced this script to Europe. Later, in the second half of the 19th century, the Englishman H. C. Rawlinson and others deciphered the rock-cut inscriptions of Darius the Great, and the library of King Ashurbanipal was discovered in Nineveh, where many mud tablets were excavated. In particular, after the discovery of the law code of King Hammurabi (1724-1682 BC) in Susa in 1902, cuneiform law rapidly attracted the interest of legal scholars. The legal documents discovered date from the 30th century BC to the 1st century BC. The Code of Hammurabi (owned by the Louvre Museum) is the oldest surviving legal code. It is inscribed in Akkadian on a 2.25-meter stone pillar, and at the top is a picture of the king receiving the laws from the sun god Shamash. It contains a total of 282 articles. It distinguishes between three classes: nobles, commoners, and slaves, and the application of the law is differentiated. It also stipulates the punishment of retribution, the prohibition of debt slavery, and patriarchal family law, and is a compilation of previous Sumerian law. It shows how this code had a great influence on the later Hittite Law Book, the Assyrian Law Book, and Neo-Babylonian law. Many other legal records and court records have also been discovered, making them valuable historical materials for understanding the actual state of society at that time. In Assyria, there is also a "woman's mirror" that includes marriage law, marital property law, women's clothing law, and tort law related to women. To date, a large part of the private law, criminal law, and procedural law has been clarified, but due to differences in time and region, as well as a lack of continuity in historical materials, we are still at a stage where we cannot grasp the content of the law historically and systematically, apart from the fact that legal documents use cuneiform writing. However, when we look at these individually and fragmentarily, we can see similar phenomena that are in line with ancient Greek and Roman law. For example, the "hand" was used to indicate authority in early Roman law, and it had a similar meaning in cuneiform law. In this way, by comparing and examining it with the laws of other ancient societies, it is a future task to clarify the original form of law and to clarify the characteristics of ancient law as a whole. [Atsushi Sato] "Research on Cuneiform Writing" by Keikichi Harada (1949, Kobundo) [References] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
楔形文字で泥板に記載された法。楔形文字法という名称は、ドイツの法制史家コシャーカーPaul Koschaker(1879―1951)によって初めて用いられた。この分野の開拓は、1621年イタリアの旅行家バッレPietro della Valle(1586―1652)がヨーロッパにこの文字を伝えたのに始まる。その後19世紀後半にイギリス人H・C・ローリンソンらによってダリウス大王の磨崖(まがい)碑文が解読され、またニネベからアッシュール・バニパル王の図書館が発見されて多数の泥板が発掘された。とくに1902年にスーサでハムラビ王(前1724―前1682)の法典が発見されると、楔形文字法は法学者の関心を急速にひきつけるようになった。発見された法律文献は紀元前30世紀から前1世紀にわたっている。『ハムラビ法典』(ルーブル美術館所蔵)は現存する最古の法典で、2.25メートルの石柱にアッカド語で刻まれ、上部に王が太陽神シャマシュより法を授けられる図が描かれ、全体で282の条文を規定する。貴族、平民、奴隷の3身分に分けて、法の適用を区別している。また、タリオ(同害報復刑)、債務奴隷の禁止、家父長制の家族法などが規定され、それ以前のシュメール法を集大成したものであった。この法典がその後の『ヒッタイト法書』『アッシリア法書』、新バビロニア法に大きな影響を与えたことを知ることができる。このほか法律記録や訴訟記録も多数発見され、当時の社会の実情を知るうえで貴重な史料となっている。アッシリアでは、婚姻法、夫婦財産法、婦女服装法、婦女に関する不法行為法を含む「婦人鑑」などもみられる。 今日まで、私法や刑法、訴訟法のかなりな部分が明らかにされているが、時代的、地域的な差があるばかりでなく、史料も連続性を欠いているため、法律文書が楔形文字を使用しているというほかは、まだ法の内容を歴史的、体系的に把握できない段階にある。けれども、これを個別的、断片的にみるときは、古代ギリシアやローマの法と一脈通じるような類似の現象がみられる。たとえば、「手」はローマの初期の法では権力を示すために用いられたが、楔形文字法でも同様な意味を表した。このように、他の古代社会の法と比較検討することによって、法のもともとのあり方を明らかにし、古代法全体の特徴を明らかにすることは今後の課題となっている。 [佐藤篤士] 『原田慶吉著『楔形文字法の研究』(1949・弘文堂)』 [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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