Nail - nail

Japanese: 釘 - くぎ
Nail - nail

They are primarily used to join wood and fasten metal fittings, and are generally represented by round iron nails. Currently, nails of various sizes and shapes are used depending on the material and part to be fastened. Nail materials include wooden nails, bamboo nails, and metal nails, which are used for furniture, crafts, and other crafts, while iron nails, rust-resistant stainless steel nails, zinc nails, and decorative nails such as copper nails, bronze nails, and brass nails are used to join wooden structures such as buildings. The Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) specifies 14 different sizes of nails as JIS A 5508.

The size and shape of nails must be determined by the material and base material they are being nailed to; for example, when attaching boards to wooden posts, nails that are 2.5 to 3 times longer than the board thickness are appropriate, and nails that are more than one-sixth the board thickness are prone to cracking. In the case of cedar wood, the pull-out strength of a single nail is about 100 newtons (9.8 kgf = kilogram force) for a nail about 4 centimeters long, and about 400 newtons (39.2 kgf) for a nail 15 centimeters long, but this also varies depending on the nailing method and material. Nowadays, with the spread of frame construction methods (2x4 construction methods), nails are often nailed in by machine.

Iron nails are made by cutting and shaping iron wire using a machine, and have a textured head to prevent slipping when hammering the nail. The cross section is usually circular, but there are also various types of nails, such as those with a square cross section, helical nails that bite into the base like a screw, nails with small heads used as hidden nails, wavy nails for joining materials, concrete nails made from special steel, colored nails, flooring nails, and roofing nails. Currently, there are also nails whose heads are colored so that the length of the nail used can be determined even after construction. The main types are described below.

(1) Round iron nails: The head is hammered into a circle, with a texture on the top and a moderate incline on the bottom, with non-slip notches on the neck, and the four sides of the tip are cut off into a cone shape and polished. There are 14 types standardized by the JIS, with lengths of 19 to 150 mm, thicknesses of 1.5 to 5.2 mm, and head diameters of 3.6 to 11.5 mm. There are also 16 types of thick round iron nails that are standardized.

(2) Stainless steel nails 18.8 Three types of stainless steel nails are standardized: flat head, round head, and countersunk head. They are used in places where there is a risk of contact corrosion, such as between iron and aluminum alloys, or where rust is undesirable. They are 19 to 100 mm long, and countersunk head nails are used for boards, etc., so they are 25 to 45 mm long.

(3) Board nails Board nails include nails for gypsum boards, nails for sheathing (interior and exterior), nails for insulation, and nails for fiberboard, and various nails are prescribed to suit the characteristics of each type of board. Nails used to fasten boards to wooden bases such as studs have a larger circular head compared to their length than regular nails. In contrast, there are also nails with thicker body parts compared to their length due to the need to fit the base.

Nails have a long history, with Western nails being imported from Europe in 1868 (Meiji 1). Japanese nails are an evolution of the fasteners and nails used in temple and shrine construction, and records of nails can be found in the Shosoin documents, with types such as nails and corks listed in the Wamyō Ruijushō. Many of the nails at the time were square-shaped, and there were also decorative nails such as gold-plated nails and gold-painted nails.

[Taneo Sakata]

"The Cultural History of Tools, Equipment, and Living" by Motoo Endo (1997, Tsukubane-sha, Chireki-sha)" "Hosaka Takashi's "Houses are Dangerous! Series 1: Nails are Dangerous!" (2002, Exknowledge)"

Main types of nails
©Shogakukan ">

Main types of nails

Nail head shape
©Shogakukan ">

Nail head shape

How to hammer nails
©Shogakukan ">

How to hammer nails

Differences between Western and Japanese nails
©Shogakukan ">

Differences between Western and Japanese nails


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

主として木材の結合や金物などを止め付けるために用いるもので、一般に鉄丸釘に代表される。現在では止め付ける材料および部位によって、各種のサイズや形状の釘が使われている。釘の材料は、家具や工芸品などの細工物に使われる木釘、竹釘、金釘があり、建築など木構造の接合には鉄釘、錆(さび)に強いステンレス釘、亜鉛釘、また銅釘、青銅釘、黄銅釘など、装飾性のある釘がある。日本工業規格(JIS(ジス))にはJIS A 5508として14種類のサイズの釘が定めてある。

 釘は打ち付ける材料およびその打ち付けられる基材によってサイズ、形状を決めることが必要で、たとえば木材の柱に板材を取り付ける場合、板厚の2.5~3倍の長さの釘が適しており、また釘の径は使用する板厚の6分の1以上になると割れやすくなる。杉材の場合、1本の釘の引き抜き耐力は、長さ4センチメートル程度のもので約100ニュートン(9.8kgf=重量キログラム)、長さ15センチメートルのもので約400ニュートン(39.2kgf)であるが、これも釘の打ち方や材質によって異なる。現在では枠組み工法(ツーバイフォー工法)などの普及により、機械打ちによるものが多い。

 鉄釘は、鉄線を機械によって切断し、成形したもので、釘の頭に布目をつけて釘打ちのときのすべり止めとしている。断面は主として円形であるが、四角の断面のもの、スクリューのように下地に食い込む螺旋釘(らせんくぎ)、また釘のあたまを小さくした隠し釘に使われる釘、材料の接合を目的とした波型釘、特殊鋼でつくられたコンクリート釘、カラー釘、フローリング釘、ルーフィング釘など各種の釘がある。また現在では、頭部にカラーリング(着色)して施工後も使用した釘の長さがわかるようになっているものがある。次にそのおもなものについて述べる。

(1)鉄丸釘 頭部を円形に打ち出し、その上面に布目を、また下面に適当な傾斜をつけ、首部に滑り止めの刻みをつけてから、さらに先端四面を錐(きり)状に切り落としたのを磨いたもの。長さ19~150ミリメートル、太さ1.5~5.2ミリメートル、頭部の径3.6~11.5ミリメートルの14種類がJISにより規格化されている。また太め鉄丸釘にも16種類が規格化されている。

(2)ステンレス鋼釘 18.8ステンレス鋼の釘として平頭、丸頭、さら頭の3種類が規格化されている。鉄とアルミニウム合金のように接触腐食をおこすおそれのある場所や、さびを嫌う場合に用いる。長さ19~100ミリメートル、さら頭の釘はボード用などに使われるので長さ25~45ミリメートルとなっている。

(3)ボード用釘 ボード用釘には石膏(せっこう)ボード用釘とシージング(内外装)用、インシュレーション(断熱、保温)用、ファイバーボード(繊維板)用の釘があり、各ボード類の特性にあわせた各種の釘が定められている。ボードを間柱など木造下地押さえに打ち付ける場合に使用する釘は、長さに対して頭部の円形が一般の釘より大きい。これに対して、下地等の取り合いから釘の長さに対して胴部分の太いものもある。

 釘の歴史は古く、洋釘は1868年(明治1)にヨーロッパから輸入された。和釘は社寺建築などで使われていたかすがいと釘が発達したもので、正倉院文書に釘の記録がみられ、『倭名類聚抄(わみょうるいじゅしょう)』には釘、栓(きくぎ)などの種類があげられている。当時の釘の多くは断面が四角形の角釘で、装飾的な考慮をした金著(きんきせ)釘、金泥(きんでい)釘などもあった。

[坂田種男]

『遠藤元男著『工具・器具と暮らしの文化史』(1997・つくばね舎、地歴社発売)』『保坂貴司著『住宅が危ない!シリーズ1 「釘」が危ない!』(2002・エクスナレッジ)』

釘のおもな種類
©Shogakukan">

釘のおもな種類

釘の頭部の形状
©Shogakukan">

釘の頭部の形状

釘の打ち方
©Shogakukan">

釘の打ち方

洋釘と和釘の相違
©Shogakukan">

洋釘と和釘の相違


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