In vascular plants, the vegetative organ that, together with leaves and roots, constitutes the plant body. It forms the axis of the plant body, and has leaves as lateral organs. In addition to vascular plants, mosses such as Polytrichum commune and large algae such as Sargassum have stem-like and leaf-like parts that can be distinguished from each other in external form, and some researchers call these "stems" and "leaves." However, in the case of algae, there is not enough structural distinction between these "stems" and "leaves" to consider them as different organs, and in the case of mosses, even if there is a difference in structure, they do not have vascular bundles, so neither is considered a true stem or leaf. Among the vascular plants known to date, the oldest psilophyton species, such as the linia, and the modern fern, Psauropoda fasciata, have no organ differentiation, and are composed of rod-shaped stems that are bifurcated several times, without roots or leaves. Therefore, the stem is considered to be an organ of older origin than the leaves or roots. Although the roots appeared later than the stems, they are thought to have not changed significantly up to the present day because they are mainly in a stable underground environment, whereas the external shape and structure of the stems have diversified during the evolutionary process. Regarding the type of stamen, the roots are radial in all vascular plants, whereas the stamen type varies depending on the plant group. Among ferns, there are the original stamen, tubular stamen, reticulated stamen, bicyclic to polycyclic tubular stamen, bicyclic to polycyclic reticulated stamen and other special types, and although the true stamen is common in gymnosperms and dicotyledons, and the scattered stamen is common in monocotyledons, there are many exceptions. Comparing the stele type of stems, which has many variations in this way, is thought to be one of the important keys to considering the phylogeny of vascular plants. In ontogeny, the first stem is the hypocotyl that forms between the root and the cotyledons during embryogenesis, and then the epicotyl grows due to the activity of the shoot apical meristem that forms above the cotyledons, i.e., at the pole opposite the root. Stem growth begins with cell division in the shoot apical meristem, and the cells that are sent downwards by proliferation differentiate into the cells of the various tissues of the stem. This activity pushes the shoot apical meristem upwards, so it is always located at the tip of the stem. Although leafless vascular plants such as the pinecone are exceptions, the shoot apical meristem generally does not only produce stems through its activity, but also forms leaf primordia from its periphery at regular intervals. Thus, stem growth and leaf development are closely related, but no lateral organs are formed near the apex of the root. On the other hand, the root tip is covered by a root cap, while the shoot apex is not covered by other tissues, which is another difference between stems and roots. As stems grow, they produce leaves, so completed stems have nodes and internodes, which also distinguish them from roots. A node is the part of the stem at a height that includes the point where the leaves attach, and an internode is the part between one node and the next. The lowest node is the node where the cotyledons are attached, that is, the cotyledonary node, but the node above that where the first leaf is attached is called the first node, and the space between the cotyledonary node and the first node is called the first internode, with successively higher numbers being assigned to nodes higher up. When a stem branches, in seed plants, the most common method is for branches to grow from the axil just above the leaf attachment point, i.e., axillary branching. However, in ferns, bifurcated branching is common, in which the stem apex is divided into two equal parts and each part produces a branch. Even in branching methods that distinguish between the main axis and lateral branches, the location where the branches grow varies depending on the species. Stems are generally rod-shaped and rise above ground, supporting leaves and flowers in a fixed arrangement, and usually functioning as a passageway for water and nutrients between the roots, leaves, and flowers, but there are many types that have undergone transformation and are quite different in both shape and function from the norm. Stems that are underground are collectively called rhizomes, but there are various types such as rhizomes, tubers, and corms, and above-ground stems include needles, leafy stems, and bulbils. [Fukuda Taiji] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
維管束植物において、葉および根とともに植物体を構成する栄養器官。植物体の軸をなし、側生器官として葉をつける。維管束植物以外でも、スギゴケなどの蘚類(せんるい)やホンダワラなどの大形藻類には、外部形態のうえで区別しうる茎状の部分と葉状の部分があり、研究者によってはこれらを「茎」、「葉」とよぶことがある。しかし、藻類の場合はこれらの「茎」と「葉」を異なる器官と判断しうるに十分なほどの構造上の区別がないし、蘚類の場合は構造の差が認められても維管束をもっていないので、どちらも真の茎や葉とはみなさない。 現在まで知られている維管束植物のなかでもっとも古いリニアなどのプシロフィトン類や、これと類似の形態をもつ現生のシダ植物のマツバランには、器官の分化がなく、棒状の茎が何回か二又(ふたまた)分枝しているだけの体制で根も葉もないので、茎は葉や根よりも系統的に起源の古い器官と考えられる。根は茎よりもあとで出現したにもかかわらず、主として地中という安定した環境にあるために現代までに大きく変化することがなかったと思われるのに対して、茎は外形も構造も進化の過程で多様化してきた。中心柱の型をみても、根の場合はすべての維管束植物を通じて放射中心柱であるのに対して、茎の場合は植物群によって中心柱型はさまざまに異なる。シダ植物のなかには原生中心柱、管状中心柱、網状中心柱、二~多環管状中心柱、二~多環網状中心柱やその他の特殊型がみられるし、種子植物では裸子植物と双子葉植物に真正中心柱、単子葉植物に散在中心柱がそれぞれ普通であるとはいっても、例外も多い。このように変異の多い茎の中心柱型を比較することは、維管束植物の系統を考察するための重要な鍵(かぎ)の一つと考えられる。 個体発生では、胚(はい)発生において幼根と子葉の間の部分としてできる胚軸が最初の茎で、その後は子葉よりも上、すなわち幼根と反対側の極にできた茎頂分裂組織の活動によって上胚軸が成長する。茎の成長は、茎頂分裂組織における細胞分裂に始まり、増殖によって下方へ送り出された細胞が茎の諸組織の細胞へと分化することによるものであり、この活動で茎頂分裂組織自身は逆に押し上げられるので、つねに茎の先端に位置することになる。マツバランのような葉のない維管束植物は例外であるが、一般に茎頂分裂組織は、その活動によって茎だけをつくるのではなく、その周辺部からは一定の周期で規則正しい位置に葉の原基を形成する。このように茎の成長と葉の発生とは密接に関連しているが、根の頂端付近には側生器官はつくられない。一方、根端は根冠に覆われているが、茎頂は他の組織に覆われていないのも、茎と根の相異点である。茎は葉をつくりながら成長するので、完成した茎には節と節間があり、これも根との相異点である。節とは茎のうちで葉の付着点を含む高さの部分をいい、節間とは節と隣の節との間の部分をいう。もっとも下位の節は子葉のついている節すなわち子葉節であるが、その上隣の第1葉のついている節を第1節とよび、子葉節と第1節の間を第1節間とよんで、順次上方のものに大きな番号をつける。 茎が分枝するときには、種子植物では葉の付着点のすぐ上の葉腋(ようえき)から枝を出す方式、すなわち腋生分枝がきわめて普通であるが、シダ植物では茎頂が対等に二分してそれぞれが枝をつくる二又分枝がよくみられるほか、主軸と側枝の区別のある分枝法であっても、枝ができる位置は種類によってさまざまである。 茎は一般に棒状の形で地上に立ち、一定の配置で葉や花をつけてこれらを支え、根、葉、花の相互の間の水や養分の通路となるのが普通であるが、変態して形も機能も普通と大きく異なるものもいろいろある。地下にある茎は地下茎と総称されるが、根茎、塊茎、球茎などの諸型があり、地上茎にも茎針、葉状茎、むかご等々がある。 [福田泰二] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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