A general term for photographs taken of the earth's surface from a point in the air, such as a balloon, satellite, or aircraft. Aerial photographs taken from aircraft are also called aerial photographs. Stereoscopic photographs taken continuously with a certain degree of overlap by a surveying aerial camera have a clear internal orientation (the relative position of the center of the photograph to the photograph plane). Aerial photographs are classified into vertical photographs and oblique photographs depending on the angle at which they are taken. The former are mainly used for surveying and mapping, and the latter for interpreting objects on the ground. In all cases, special aerial film is used, that is, a film with a small base expansion and contraction and that has the same performance as at normal temperatures on the ground at high altitudes and low temperatures, with widths of 19 cm and 24 cm and lengths of 60 m or 120 m. Aerial photograph interpretation can be done by single photograph observation or by stereoscopic observation using two photographs with an overlap of about 60%. Aerial photographs comprehensively and accurately record the shape of the earth's surface at a certain moment. The approximate scale of an aerial photograph is expressed as a fraction with a numerator of 1 and a denominator of the photographic scale number (called the photographic scale denominator), which is the altitude at which the photograph was taken divided by the focal length of the camera lens. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
空中のある一点である気球,人工衛星,航空機などから地表面に向け撮影した写真の総称。航空機から撮影した空中写真は区別して航空写真ともいう。測量用航空カメラによって一定の重複度で連続的に撮影された実体視のできる写真では,内部定位 (写真面に対する撮影中心の相対位置) がはっきり与えられている。空中写真は撮影角度によって,垂直写真と斜写真に区別され,前者は測量と図化に,後者は地上にあるものを判読するのにおもに使われる。どの場合も特殊な航空フィルム,すなわちベースの伸縮が小さく,高空の低温下でも地上の常温と同じ性能をもっているもので,幅 19cmと 24cm,長さが 60mまたは 120mのものが使用される。空中写真判読には単写真観察と 60%前後重複した2枚の写真を用いた実体視による観察がある。空中写真は地表面の,ある瞬間の形状を網羅的かつ正確に記録するものである。空中写真の概略の縮尺は撮影高度をカメラレンズの焦点距離で割った値を分母 (写真縮尺分母数 photographic scale numberという) とし,分子を1とした分数で表わされる。
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