Case - kaku (English spelling)

Japanese: 格 - かく（英語表記）case

In the broad sense, it refers to the relationship that nouns and similar linguistic elements have to other words in a sentence, and in the narrow sense, it refers to a grammatical category with a system of inflection, that is, declension, in which the differences in the same relationships are reflected in the forms of nouns and words with similar functions. The definition of case varies depending on the scholar, but for now, the broader sense will be called "case relations" and "case" will be limited to the narrower sense. Case relations are essential when nouns and words with similar functions function in a sentence, and they exist in all languages not only as case but also as prepositions, word order, and other linguistic devices. In Japanese, case relationships are expressed by case particles (ga, no, ni, wo, etc.), which can be considered a kind of postposition, but in hana ga, hana no..., the form "hana" is taken, which can be used independently without changing its form, and in hana dake ga, another word can be inserted in between, so the connection is loose and both "hana" and the case particle can be considered as words. Therefore, there is no case. In Turkish ev "house ga", ev-i "house wo", ev-in "house no", ev-e "house e", ev-de "house de", ev-den "house kara", the common elements -i, -in, -e, -de, -den (with vowel harmony) are always taken, which is close to Japanese, but the relationship between ev and -i etc. is closer and another word cannot be inserted, so -i etc. are affixed and ev-i as a whole is considered to be one word. Therefore, it can be said to have one type of case with regular declension. Sanskrit is a strong fusion, with eight typical cases. The boundaries between the representative types of the above three languages are not clear, and even if they have cases, they usually have other means of expressing case relations. Finnish has 15 cases, and Hungarian has 24, but there are only three or four grammatical cases, and most are locative cases.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

広義では，名詞およびそれに準じる言語要素が文のなかで他の単語に対してもつ関係，狭義では，同上の関係の違いが名詞およびそれに準じる機能をもつ単語の形のうえに反映し，語形替変の体系，すなわち曲用をもつ文法範疇をいう。格の定義は学者によりさまざまであるが，一応，広義のほうは「格関係」と呼び，「格」は狭義のほうに限るとする。格関係は，名詞および名詞に類する機能をもつ単語が文において働くときにはなくてはならぬもので，格に限らず，前置詞，語順その他の言語的手段として，すべての言語に存在している。日本語では，格関係は一種の後置詞ともいえる格助詞 (ガ，ノ，ニ，ヲなど) によって表わされるが，花ガ，花ノ…において，「花」という独立に形を変えず使われうる形が取出され，しかも花ダケガのように，中間に別の単語が入りうるなど，結びつきがゆるく，「花」も格助詞も単語とみなしうるものである。したがって格はないことになる。トルコ語の ev「家ガ」，ev-i「家ヲ」，ev-in「家ノ」，ev-e「家ヘ」，ev-de「家デ」，ev-den「家カラ」では，常に共通要素-i，-in，-e，-de，-den (ただし母音調和あり) が取出される点，日本語に近いが，evと-iなどとの間はより緊密で別の単語が入りえないから，-iなどは接辞であり，ev-i全体で1単語と認められる。したがって，1種類の規則的曲用による格をもつといいうる。サンスクリット語では融合度が強く，典型的な8つの格をもつ。上の3言語の代表する類型の境界は明確なものではなく，また格をもっていても，他に格関係を表わす手段ももっているのが通例。フィンランド語は 15，ハンガリー語は 24の格をもつが，文法的格は3～4個で，大部分は場所的な格である。

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