Danish author and philosopher, born May 5th in Copenhagen. [Yoshiaki Utsunomiya November 17, 2015] Life and worksHe was the youngest of seven children, born when his father, Michael Pedersen Kierkegaard (1756-1838), a wool merchant who had made a fortune in one generation, was 56 years old, and his mother, Anne Sørensdatter Lund (1768-1834), a housemaid turned second wife, was 45 years old. Perhaps reflecting his background, from an early age he had a gloomy disposition like an old man, but on the other hand, he was full of humor and cheerfulness at home and in his relationships with friends. He received strict Christian training from his father from his childhood, and at the age of 17 he entered the University of Copenhagen, where he studied theology and philosophy, and in 1841 he received his Magisterial degree with his thesis "On the Concept of Irony." During this time, in May 1837, he met Regine Olsen (1822-1904), who was 14 years old at the time, and he fell in love with her immediately, even becoming engaged to her. However, due to conflicts over their love and feelings of guilt, he broke off the engagement in August 1841. This is known as the Regine Affair, and the mental conflict he experienced at that time became the subject of his later aesthetic writings. After that, he went to Berlin for a while, where he listened to lectures by the famous philosopher F. Schelling and saw many operas, including Don Giovanni and Faust, but returned to Germany the following year in 1842 and began his life as a writer. He was very active, and in the short period from 1843 to 1846 he published so-called aesthetic works such as ``This or That'', ``Repetition'', and ``Fear and Trembling'' (all 1843), ``The Concept of Anxiety'' (1844), and ``The Stages of Life's Journey'' (1845), all anonymously, as well as philosophical works such as ``Philosophical Fragments'' (1844) and ``Postscript to Fragments'' (1846).He also published many edifying lectures on Christianity. Kierkegaard began to feel a sense of futility in his writing and wanted to become a pastor in the countryside and live a quiet life, but then he encountered a misunderstanding and slanderous review of his work and personality in the satirical newspaper Corsal (Pirates). During this fierce debate, he once again felt a renewed desire to engage in spiritual activities and write as a Christian. He refused to succumb to the newspaper's mockery and the public's ridicule, and on the one hand he severely criticized the lack of autonomy and falsehood of the masses, while on the other hand he pursued the state of religious existence in which one seeks God as an individual even in the midst of despair in his works The Sickness unto Death (1849) and Christian Exercises (1850). Incidentally, "the individual" is a term that indicates the original state of existence of a believer, and is opposed to "the masses" and "mankind." His criticism extended even further to established Christianity and the nature of the church, and his attacks in works such as "The Moment" (1855) were extremely fierce. However, on October 2, 1855, he suddenly collapsed in the streets of Copenhagen, and passed away on November 11. [Yoshiaki Utsunomiya November 17, 2015] Thoughts and their influenceHis ideas, which opposed Hegelian pan-logicism and sought the subjective truth of the individual in the midst of anxiety and despair, were hardly known outside of Denmark until the 20th century. However, a complete translation of his works by the German theologian Christoph Schrempf (1860-1944) was published in 1909, and had a major influence on up-and-coming dialectical theologians and existential philosophers of the time, such as K. Barth, Heidegger, and Jaspers. From then on, Kierkegaard's name became known not only in Europe but around the world as a pioneer of modern Christian thought and existential thought. In Japan, Ueda Bin and Uchimura Kanzo had already come into contact with Kierkegaard's ideas during the Meiji period, but in 1915 (Taisho 4), Watsuji Tetsuro introduced Kierkegaard's ideas in detail in his book "Seelen Kierkegaard", which was virtually unknown in the Japanese philosophical world at the time. Furthermore, in 1935 (Showa 10), the three-volume "Kierkegaard Selected Works" edited by Miki Kiyoshi was published, which had a considerable influence on Japanese thinkers living in the time of anxiety and crisis before World War II. After the war, as existentialism became popular in Japan, it exerted a widespread influence on literary scholars and general readers alike. [Yoshiaki Utsunomiya November 17, 2015] "The Collected Works of Kierkegaard, Vol. 21, Supplementary Volume 1 (1962-1970 / Newly Republished Edition, 1995, Hakusuisha)" ▽ "The World's Masterpieces 51: Kierkegaard, translated by Masuda Keizaburo et al. (1979, Chuokoron-Shinsha)" ▽ "Kirkegaard, by Kudo Yasuo (1966 / Newly Republished Edition, 2014, Shimizu Shoin)" ▽ "The Intellectual Heritage of Humanity 48: Kierkegaard, by Ogawa Keiji (1979, Kodansha)" [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
デンマークの著作家、哲学者。5月5日コペンハーゲンに生まれる。 [宇都宮芳明 2015年11月17日] 生涯と著作一代で富を築いた毛織物商人の父ミカエルMichael Pedersen Kierkegaard(1756―1838)が56歳、家事手伝いから後妻となった母アンネAne Sørensdatter Lund(1768―1834)が45歳のときの子で、7人兄弟の末子であった。そうした誕生を反映してか、幼年時代から老人のように暗い憂鬱(ゆううつ)な気質を備えていたが、その反面、家庭内や友人との交際ではユーモアと快活さに富んでいた。少年時代から父親よりキリスト教の厳しい修練を受け、17歳でコペンハーゲン大学に入学し、神学と哲学を学び、1841年『イロニーの概念について』という論文でマギステルの学位を得た。 その間、1837年5月、当時14歳だったレギーネ・オルセンRegine Olsen(1822―1904)を知ってたちまち恋のとりことなり、婚約までしたが、愛の相克と内面の罪の意識から、1841年8月に婚約を破棄した。いわゆるレギーネ事件で、その際体験した精神的葛藤(かっとう)が、後の美的著作の主題となった。その後、一時ベルリンに赴き、当時盛名をはせていた哲学者F・シェリングの講義を聞いたり、『ドン・ジョバンニ』や『ファウスト』など数多くのオペラを観劇したりしたが、翌1842年には帰国し、著作家としての生活に入った。その活動は盛んで、1843年から1846年に至る短期間に『あれかこれか』『反復』『おそれとおののき』(以上1843)、『不安の概念』(1844)、『人生行路の諸段階』(1845)といったいわゆる美的著作や、『哲学的断片』(1844)、『断片後書』(1846)などの哲学的著作が、いずれも匿名形式で出版され、ほかにキリスト教に関する多くの教化的講話が発表された。 ここで著作活動にむなしさを感じるようになったキルケゴールは、田舎(いなか)の牧師になって静かな生活を送りたいと願ったが、そのとき風刺新聞『コルサル』(海賊)に、彼の作品と人物についての誤解と中傷に満ちた批評が載り、それをめぐって激しく争ううちに、ふたたびキリスト教徒としての新たな精神活動と著作への意欲が生じてきた。彼は新聞の戯評や世間の嘲笑(ちょうしょう)にも屈せず、一方では大衆の非自主性や偽信性を厳しく批判し、他方では絶望のさなかにあってなお単独者として神を求める宗教的実存のあり方を、『死にいたる病』(1849)や『キリスト教の修練』(1850)のうちで追究した。ちなみに、「単独者」は信仰者としての本来的な実存のあり方を示す用語で、「大衆」や「人類」に対立する。彼の批判は、さらに既成のキリスト教や教会のあり方にまで及び、『瞬間』(1855)などでの攻撃は激烈を極めたが、1855年10月2日、突然コペンハーゲンの路上で卒倒し、11月11日この世を去った。 [宇都宮芳明 2015年11月17日] 思想とその影響ヘーゲル風の汎(はん)論理主義に抗して、不安と絶望のうちに個人の主体的真理を求めた彼の思想は、20世紀に入るまでデンマーク国外ではほとんど知られなかった。しかし1909年からドイツで神学者のシュレンプChristoph Schrempf(1860―1944)による翻訳全集が出て、当時新進のK・バルトやハイデッガー、ヤスパースらの弁証法神学者や実存哲学者に大きな影響を与え、そこからキルケゴールの名は現代キリスト教思想や実存思想の先駆者として、ヨーロッパのみならず世界的に知られるようになった。 日本では、すでに明治時代に上田敏(うえだびん)や内村鑑三(うちむらかんぞう)がキルケゴールの思想に触れているが、1915年(大正4)には和辻哲郎(わつじてつろう)が『ゼエレン・キェルケゴオル』で、当時の日本の哲学界ではほとんど知られていなかったキルケゴールの思想を全般にわたって詳しく紹介した。さらに1935年(昭和10)には三木清の監修した『キェルケゴール選集』全3巻が出版され、第二次世界大戦前の不安と危機の時代に生きる日本の思想家に少なからぬ影響を与えた。戦後は、実存主義の日本での流行とともに、文学者や一般読者にも広範な影響力を示した。 [宇都宮芳明 2015年11月17日] 『『キルケゴール著作集』21巻・別巻1(1962~1970/新装再刊版・1995・白水社)』▽『桝田啓三郎他訳『世界の名著51 キルケゴール』(1979・中央公論社)』▽『工藤綏夫著『キルケゴール』(1966/新装版・2014・清水書院)』▽『小川圭治著『人類の知的遺産48 キルケゴール』(1979・講談社)』 [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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