When charged particles or short-wavelength electromagnetic waves such as X-rays and gamma rays pass through a gas, the gas molecules are ionized by electromagnetic interaction with the radiation. When a gas is filled with water vapor with an appropriate degree of supersaturation, the supersaturated water vapor liquefies with the ionized gas molecules as nuclei, and mist is generated along the path (track) of the radiation. A device for observing the tracks of radiation based on this principle is the cloud chamber. C. T. R. Wilson invented a cloud chamber in which a container filled with saturated steam is rapidly cooled by adiabatic expansion to create a supersaturated state. This type is called the "Wilson cloud chamber." In contrast, if the top of the container is heated by a heater and the bottom is cooled by dry ice to create a temperature gradient in the gas inside the container, and water is added to the top of the container to create a state of saturated vapor pressure, the high-temperature saturated water vapor will diffuse to the low-temperature part and become supersaturated, and at an appropriate height, a part that can generate mist will be created along the track of the radiation. This type is called a diffusion cloud chamber. In the Wilson cloud chamber, after adiabatic expansion, the state is rapidly destroyed by thermal conduction and the time during which fog can form in the radiation track (sensitivity time) is about one tenth of a second, but the diffusion type allows continuous observation. Cloud chambers played an important role in the study of nuclear reactions, especially cosmic rays, but with the development of various new devices, they are now rarely used as radiation measuring devices. [Keigo Nishimura] [References] |The walls of the container are made of glass to allow light from a light source to pass through, and the top lid is made to allow observation of the fog. The bottom of the container is a piston to allow the adiabatic expansion of the gas inside the container. A filter paper soaked in a mixture of water and alcohol is placed on top of the piston, and the inside of the container becomes saturated with water and alcohol vapor . Wilson cloud chamber structure Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
気体の中を荷電粒子またはX線、γ(ガンマ)線などの短波長の電磁波が通過すると、これらの放射線との電磁的相互作用によって、気体分子が電離される。気体が適当な過飽和度の水蒸気で満たされていると、過飽和の水蒸気は電離された気体分子を核にして液化し、放射線の通過した道筋(飛跡)に沿って霧ができる。このような原理に基づいて放射線の飛跡を観測する装置が霧箱である。C・T・R・ウィルソンは飽和蒸気の満たされた容器を断熱膨張によって急冷し、過飽和の状態を生じさせる型の霧箱を考案した。この型のものを「ウィルソンの霧箱」とよんでいる。これに対し、容器の上部をヒーターで熱し、下部をドライアイスで冷やして容器内の気体に温度勾配(こうばい)をつけ、容器の上部に水を入れて飽和蒸気圧の状態にすると、高温で飽和状態の水蒸気は、低温の部分に拡散して過飽和状態となり、適当な高さのところに、放射線の飛跡に沿って霧を生じうる部分ができる。この型のものを拡散型霧箱とよんでいる。ウィルソンの霧箱では、断熱膨張ののち、熱伝導などによって急速に状態が崩れ、放射線の飛跡に霧が生じうる時間(感応時間)は10分の1秒程度であるが、拡散型では連続観測が可能である。霧箱は原子核反応、とくに宇宙線の研究で重要な役割を果たしたが、新しい各種の装置の開発に伴い、現在では放射線測定装置としてはほとんど利用されていない。 [西村奎吾] [参照項目] |容器の壁は霧を照らす光源からの光を通すため、また上蓋は霧を観測するため、それぞれガラス板でつくられている。容器の底は容器内の気体を断熱膨張させるためにピストンになっている。ピストンの上には水とアルコールの混合液を浸した濾紙が置かれ、容器内が水とアルコール蒸気で飽和される©Shogakukan"> ウィルソンの霧箱の構造 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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