Ichthyosaur (English spelling)

Japanese: 魚竜 - ぎょりゅう(英語表記)ichthyosaur
Ichthyosaur (English spelling)

Mesozoic marine reptiles that lived and looked like fish. Ichthyosaurus is a representative genus. The largest ichthyosaur was discovered in 1999 in the Jurassic of the Canadian Rocky Mountains, with a total length of about 23 meters and a head length of about 5.5 meters. Ichthyosaurs not only had a streamlined external shape, but also had shallow dish-shaped vertebrae similar to those of fish. Fossils discovered in the Jurassic strata of Germany included tail and dorsal fins whose body outlines were preserved as carbonized thin films. The spine of Mesozoic Jurassic and Cretaceous ichthyosaurs in particular was embedded in the lower lobe of the tail fin and served as its support. The long bones of the finger bones, wrists, ankles, arms and legs were more or less rounded and disc-shaped.

The mouth was usually armed with sharp teeth, and stomach remains attest to the fact that it fed on fish and cephalopods. It had a very large periosteal ring, which would have allowed it to withstand the pressure changes caused by diving, and it would have had good eyesight. Pre-born young have been preserved in the body cavity, and fossils of calves being born have also been found. Stenopterygius , which lived about 180 million years ago in the Early Jurassic, is known to have about 50 pregnant individuals, most of which consist of one or two fetuses, but there have also been instances of more than a dozen. The maximum length of the fetus at birth was 60-70 centimeters, 30-40% of the parent's size, similar to that of modern dolphins. From Japan, Utatsusaurus hataii has been reported from the Triassic strata in Miyagi Prefecture, Temnodontosaurus sp. from the Jurassic strata, and Myopterygius (?) ezoensis from the Cretaceous strata in Hokkaido.

[Ikuo Obata]

"Amphibians, Reptiles, and Birds" by Manabe Makoto (included in "General Description and Classification of Paleontology" edited by Hayami Itaru and Mori Kei, 1998, Asakura Publishing) " "Dinosaur Anatomy: The Secrets of Movement and Shape" by Christopher McGowan, translated by Tsukikawa Kazuo (1998, Kousakusha)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

魚のような生活をし、外観も魚のようになった中生代の海生爬虫(はちゅう)類。イクチオサウルスIchthyosaurusはその代表属である。最大の魚竜は1999年カナダのロッキー山脈のジュラ系から発見されたもので、全長約23メートル、頭長約5.5メートルもあった。魚竜は外形が流線形であったばかりでなく、脊椎(せきつい)骨が魚のものに似た浅い皿状を示す。ドイツのジュラ紀層から発見された化石には、体の輪郭が炭化した薄膜として保存されていた尾びれと背びれをもつものがあった。とくに中生代ジュラ紀および白亜紀の魚竜の背骨は尾びれの下葉に入り、その支柱となっていた。指骨や手首、くるぶし、腕や足の長い骨は多少なりとも丸く円盤状となっていた。

 口は普通鋭い歯で武装され、魚や頭足類を食べたことは、胃中の残骸(ざんがい)から証明されている。非常に大きい骨膜環があって、潜水時の水圧変化に備え、視力はよかったらしい。体腔(たいこう)内に生まれる前の幼体が保存されていたり、出産中の子が化石化した例も発見されている。ジュラ紀前期の、約1億8000万年前に生息していたステノプテリギウスStenopterygiusでは妊娠した個体約50頭が知られ、大部分は1~2個体の胎児であるが、十数体のものもある。出産時の胎児の最大長は60~70センチメートルで、親の大きさの30~40%を示し、現生イルカなどと同様である。日本からも、宮城県の三畳紀層からウタツリュウ(ウタツサウルス)Utatsusaurus hataii、同じくジュラ紀層からシズカワ魚竜(テムノドントサウルス)Temnodontosaurus sp.、北海道の白亜紀層からユウバリ魚竜(ミオプテリギウス)Myopterygius (?) ezoensisなどが報告されている。

[小畠郁生]

『真鍋真著「両生類・爬虫類・鳥類」(速水格・森啓編『古生物の総説・分類』所収・1998・朝倉書店)』『クリストファー・マクガワン著、月川和雄訳『恐竜解剖 動きと形のひみつ』(1998・工作舎)』

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