Settlement - Kyoryuchi

A region where a country that did not allow foreigners to live in the mainland permitted foreigners to do business and live in the country through a treaty. It is the official translation of the Chinese word "concession," and foreign residents were given perpetual leases and often had autonomous administrative powers, including police powers, which, together with the consular court system, violated national sovereignty. When the Ansei Five-Power Treaties were concluded in Japan, the American plenipotentiary called for mixed residence, fearing that the customs of Dejima in Nagasaki would be used as the standard, but the shogunate, fearing the outbreak of mutual conflicts, wanted to establish settlements to isolate foreigners. In 1859 (Ansei 6), settlements were opened in Nagasaki, Hakodate, and Kanagawa (Yokohama), and autonomous administrative powers were recognized under rules almost identical to those of the Shanghai Concession's Second Land Regulations. Settlements were opened in Hyogo and Osaka in January 1868 (Keio 4), and in January of the following year, 1869 (Meiji 2), in Edo and Niigata. Self-government was not exercised in Hakodate or Edo, but in Yokohama, while it was nominally returned to foreigners in 1867, in reality administrative power was held by foreigners until 1877, and in Kobe and Osaka, self-governance by foreigners was continued, infringing on Japan's sovereignty, until the settlements were abolished with the implementation of the revised treaty in 1899. Meanwhile, Japan established its first exclusive settlement in Busan, Korea, in 1876.

[Michio Fujimura]

"A Study on the Opening of Cities and Ports under the Old Treaty" by Azusa Oyama (1967, Otori Shobo)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

外国人の内地雑居を認めない国家が、条約で外国人の営業と居住を認めた地域。中国語の「租界」の公定訳で、居住外国人は永代借地権を得、また警察権を含む自治行政権をもつ場合が多く、領事裁判制度とともに国家主権を侵害した。日本では安政五か国条約締結の際、アメリカ全権は、長崎出島(でじま)の慣習を基準とされることを恐れて雑居を求めたが、幕府は相互の紛争発生を懸念し外国人隔離の目的で居留地設定を希望した。1859年（安政6）長崎、箱館(はこだて)、神奈川（横浜）に居留地を開設、上海(シャンハイ)租界第2回土地章程とほぼ等しい規則で、自治行政権を認めた。1868年（慶応4）1月兵庫、大坂に、ついで翌1869年（明治2）1月江戸、新潟に開かれた。自治行政権は、箱館、江戸では実施されなかったが、横浜では1867年名目的に返還しながら、実質的には1877年まで行政権を外国人が握り、神戸、大阪でも1899年の改正条約実施で居留地が消滅するまで、外国人による自治が行われ、主権を侵害していた。他方、日本は1876年最初の専管居留地を朝鮮の釜山(ふざん)に設定した。

［藤村道生］

『大山梓著『旧条約下に於ける開市開港の研究』（1967・鳳書房）』

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