A Buddhist term. Reincarnation is a form of universal belief that humans continue to exist in some form after death, which developed especially in India. The essence of humans is a solid soul. On the other hand, human actions (karma, deeds) create potential powers (karma, karma) that have an impact later on, and since the soul carries these powers, after death, a person is reborn in the appropriate afterlife according to the deeds they performed in life. This is the endless rebirth that is reincarnation. In Sanskrit, it is called samsāra, and the original meaning is "flow" or "going around." The afterlife is basically a world of heaven, a world of comfort, hell, a world of suffering as punishment, humans, and animals (chikusho). The way in which karma manifests is based on the ironclad rules of "you get what you sow" and "the inevitability of karma's fruits." The idea of karma, that good deeds bring good results and bad deeds bring bad results, says that the consequences of one's actions will always appear in one's life, if not in this life then in the next or in a life after that. It explains the inequalities in the real world well and suggests the possibility of restoring the balance in the next life. It is psychologically persuasive and provides an ethical justification for why one should do good deeds. It was established in Indian society as late as the 4th century BC. Since then, it has had a great influence on the way of thinking, religion, philosophy, and social customs as a basic concept of Indian culture to this day. In Buddhism, the concept of the five or six realms of reincarnation, which includes the world of hungry ghosts or asuras, has developed and regulates the lives of Buddhists in various ways in Southeast Asia, China, Korea, Japan, Tibet, and other places. [Yasuaki Nara] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
仏教の術語。人間は死後もなんらかの形で存続するという普遍的信念の一つの形態が輪廻で、とくにインドで発展した。人間の本質は実体的な霊魂である。一方、人間の行為(カルマン、業(ごう))はのちに影響を及ぼす潜在的な力(カルマン、業力)を生み、霊魂がこれを担うから、人は死後、生前の業に従ってしかるべき死後世界に生まれ変わる。こうして無限に再生を繰り返すのが輪廻である。サンスクリット語でサンサーラsamsāraといい、「流れ」「回り巡ること」が原意である。死後世界は、基本的には、安楽な世界たる天、罰としての苦の世界たる地獄、人間、そして動物(畜生(ちくしょう))の世界である。業の発現の仕方は「自業自得(じごうじとく)」と「業果の必然性」を鉄則とする。自らの行為の果報はかならず自分に現れ、今世でなければ来世、あるいはその後の生に現れる、善因善果・悪因悪果の因果応報の考え方は現実社会の不平等を巧みに説明し、さらにその不平等を来世で回復してバランスをとりうる可能性を示す。心理的にも説得力があり、またなにゆえに善行をなさねばならないか、という倫理の根拠をも提示しつつ、遅くも紀元前4世紀にはインド社会に定着した。以降、今日に至るまでインド文化の基本的観念として思惟(しい)方法、宗教、哲学、社会慣習などに多大の影響を与えた。仏教では餓鬼(がき)ないし阿修羅(あしゅら)世界を加えた五道、六道輪廻の観念が発達し、東南アジア、中国、韓国、日本、チベットなどの仏教徒の生活をさまざまに規定している。 [奈良康明] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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