Extreme exercise

Japanese: 極運動 - きょくうんどう
Extreme exercise

The movement of the spatial axis relative to the Earth. There are various axes on the Earth, which are important when considering the Earth's rotation. One of the Earth's principal axes (the axis that maximizes the Earth's moment of inertia when considering rotation around various straight lines passing through the Earth's center of gravity) runs almost north to south through the Earth, and is called the geometric axis. The geometric axis almost coincides with the Earth's axis of rotation, but it does not have a constant direction, and it always changes direction little by little in space. The average direction of the geometric axis, excluding the large movement due to precession, is fixed in space and is called the spatial axis. The movement of the geometric axis includes a "miso-grinding motion" that draws a small circle in space with a period of about one day, and a movement that slowly changes direction as a whole. Of these, the component that performs the miso-grinding motion with a period of about one day is called polar motion. If we consider the intersection of the spatial axis and the Earth's surface, this intersection moves very slowly on the surface near the North and South Poles due to polar motion, and draws a circle-like shape with a radius of less than 10 meters with a period of about one year. This movement relative to the Earth's surface is what is commonly referred to as polar motion, and it is called polar motion because it can be considered as the North Pole and South Pole changing positions on the Earth.

Since 1899 (Meiji 32), polar motion has been observed by optically observing the stars using zenith instruments and photographic zenith tubes, but in the 1980s this was completely replaced by a much more accurate method using new space technology to observe radio sources using a network of Very Long Baseline Interferometers (VLBI).

[Nagasawa Takumi]

The Earth's actual body rotates while wobbling on its axis. This motion is called wobble. To an observer on Earth, this wobble appears as if the Earth's axis rotates counterclockwise around the Earth's axis, so it is called polar motion. The polar motion describes a complex orbit with a period of about six years, which is a combination of the Chandler motion with a period of about 430 days, the annual motion, and the secular motion.

Observation of polar motion has been carried out since 1899 through the International Latitude Observation Service, 1962 through the International Polar Motion Service, and 1988 through the International Earth Rotation Observation Service. The results are published annually in the "Science Annals" (Maruzen).

[Kojiro Wakao]

"Nagasawa Takumi's "Calculation of the Position of Celestial Bodies" Revised Edition (1985, Chijin Shokan)""Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, National Astronomical Observatory, 'Science Chronology' Annual Edition (Maruzen)"

[References] | Latitude change | Moment of inertia | Precession | Photographic zenith tube | Earth's axis | Chandler | Very long baseline radio interferometer | Zenith telescope

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

地球に対する空間軸の動きのこと。地球にはさまざまな軸が考えられ、地球の自転を考えるうえで重要である。地球の慣性主軸(地球の重心を通るさまざまな直線を軸とする回転を考えるとき、地球の慣性モーメントを最大にするもの)の一本は地球をほぼ南北に貫く位置にあり、これを形状軸という。形状軸は地球の自転軸にほぼ一致しているが、一定の向きではなく、いつも空間ですこしずつ向きを変えている。歳差による大きな動きを別にした形状軸の平均的な向きを空間に固定して考えて、これを空間軸という。形状軸の動きには空間に対してほぼ1日周期で小さな円を描く「みそすり運動」と、全体としてゆっくり向きを変える運動とが含まれ、このうち、ほぼ1日周期でみそすり運動をする成分を極運動という。空間軸と地球表面の交点を考えると、この交点は極運動によって北極、南極付近の地表をごくゆっくりと移動し、ほぼ1年周期で半径10メートル足らずの円のような形を描いている。地表に対するこの動きが普通にいう極運動で、地球上で北極、南極が位置を変えるとみなせるため極運動とよばれる。

 極運動の観測方法は1899年(明治32)以降、天頂儀、写真天頂筒などにより恒星を光学的に観測して行われてきた。しかし1980年代に、はるかに精度の高い超長基線電波干渉計(VLBI)のネットワークで電波源を観測する宇宙新技術を使った方法に完全に置き換わった。

[長沢 工]

 地球の実体は地球の自転軸に対して揺れ動きながら回転している。この運動を揺動という。地球上にいる観測者には、この揺動が、地球の自転軸が地球の形状軸の周りを反時計回りに回る運動のように見えるので、これを極運動という。極運動は、約430日周期のチャンドラー運動と1年周期の運動および永年運動の合成された約6年周期の複雑な軌道を描く。

 極運動の観測事業は、1899年より国際緯度観測事業、1962年(昭和37)より国際極運動事業、1988年より国際地球回転観測事業で行われている。結果は『理科年表』(丸善)に毎年掲載されている。

[若生康二郎]

『長沢工著『天体の位置計算』増補版(1985・地人書館)』『文部科学省国立天文台編『理科年表』各年版(丸善)』

[参照項目] | 緯度変化 | 慣性モーメント | 歳差 | 写真天頂筒 | 地軸 | チャンドラー | 超長基線電波干渉計 | 天頂儀

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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