Kyoma - Kyoma

Japanese: 京間 - きょうま
Kyoma - Kyoma

An architectural term with three meanings: (1) A ken (room) of 6 shaku 5 sun (approximately 197 centimeters). (2) A system in which the length of a ken, which is the standard for the space between pillars, is 6 shaku 5 sun when planning the floor plan of a building ((1) in the diagram ). (3) A system of floor planning in which the size of a room in a building with tatami mats is determined based on a tatami mat with a long side of 6 shaku 3 sun (approximately 191 centimeters) and a short side of 3 shaku 1 sun 5 bu, and the entire building is planned based on this ((2) in the diagram ).

In the Muromachi period, it was common for residential buildings in Kyoto to have a 7 shaku (about 212 cm) span between pillars, but by the Edo period, 6 shaku 5 sun had become the norm. At the beginning of the Edo period, Kyoto also used a 6 shaku 5 sun span for measuring residential land and other things. Meanwhile, in Edo, 6 shaku (about 182 cm) span was used for 1 ken, so to distinguish between these, a 6 shaku 5 sun span in Kyoto was called a Kyo-ma, and a 6 shaku span in Edo was called an Inaka-ma (countryside span) ( Figure (3)).

From the Muromachi period onwards, it can be seen that residential architecture was planned on a grid, and in the Edo period, the layout of buildings began to be planned not only on the grounds but also by drawing grids on the entire site. In Kyoto throughout the Edo period, rooms and buildings were planned with the grid spacing of 6 shaku 5 sun (kyoma), and the centres of pillars aligned with the intersections and lines of the grid. So, for example, the centre-to-centre spacing of pillars at both ends of an 8-tatami room would be 13 shaku. This system of planning based on kyoma was not only used in Kyoto, but was mainly used for upper-class residences of samurai and nobles (kuge).

Tatami mats were also laid out in temples and town houses in Kyoto, and in the Edo period, it became common to plan the size of rooms based on a tatami mat with a long side of 6 shaku 3 sun and a short side of 3 shaku 1 sun 5 bu. In this case, instead of drawing a grid over the entire building, the size of each room was determined by arranging the tatami mats, and the position of the pillars was determined by aligning the faces of the pillars with the lines around the outside of the room. With this method, the overall plan becomes complicated because the grid does not cover the entire building, but it has the advantage of standardizing the dimensions of the tatami mats and fittings. In addition, when arranging a building, the building does not fit completely on the grid that covers the site, so the layout plan becomes complicated. This planning system was used not only for temples and private homes, but also for teahouses in the style of a hermitage and shoin in the style of a sukiya, and gradually came to be used in the homes of samurai and nobles. This complex system of determining the position of the pillars based on the inside dimensions was the basis for the development of detailed design methods and the highly developed carpentry techniques of the Edo period.

[Hirai Sei]

[Reference] | Countryside
Kyoma (Drawing)
©Shogakukan ">

Kyoma (Drawing)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

建築用語。次の三つの意がある。(1)6尺5寸(約197センチメートル)の1間(けん)。(2)建物の平面を計画するとき、柱間(はしらま)の基準となる1間の長さを6尺5寸とする体系(の(1))。(3)畳敷きの建物で、長辺6尺3寸(約191センチメートル)、短辺3尺1寸5分の寸法の畳を基準にして部屋の広さを決め、これを基に全体を計画する平面計画の体系(の(2))。

 京都における住宅建築の柱間は、室町時代には1間を7尺(約212センチメートル)にとるのが普通であったが、江戸時代に入るころには6尺5寸が一般的になった。住宅の敷地などを測る寸法も、京都では江戸時代の初めには6尺5寸の1間が用いられていた。一方、江戸においては6尺(約182センチメートル)の1間が使われていたので、これと区別して、京都における6尺5寸の1間を京間、江戸における6尺の1間を田舎間(いなかま)とよんだ(の(3))。

 室町時代から、住宅建築では方眼の上で平面を計画したことが確認でき、江戸時代に入ると、平面だけでなく、敷地全体に方眼を引いて建物の配置も計画するようになった。京都では、江戸時代を通して6尺5寸の京間を方眼の間隔とし、柱の心を方眼の交点や線にあわせて部屋や建物を計画する。したがって、たとえば8畳間の両端の柱の心々間隔は13尺となる。この京間による計画の体系は、京都に限らず主として武家や公家(くげ)などの上層の住宅に使われている。

 また、京都における寺院や町屋でも、畳が敷き詰められるようになり、江戸時代に入って長辺6尺3寸、短辺3尺1寸5分の畳を基準にして部屋の広さを計画するのが一般的になる。この場合には建物全体に方眼を引くのではなく、部屋ごとに畳を並べて広さを決め、部屋の外回りの線に柱の面をあわせて、柱の位置を決める方法がとられる。この方法では、方眼が建物全体を覆っていないので全体の計画が複雑になるが、畳や建具の寸法が規格化される利点が生まれる。また、建物を配置するときに、敷地を覆う方眼に建物が完全にのらないので、配置計画が複雑になる。この計画の体系は、寺院や民家だけでなく、草庵(そうあん)風の茶室や数寄屋(すきや)風の書院にも使われ、しだいに武家や公家の住宅にも使われるようになる。また、柱の位置を内法(うちのり)寸法によって決めるというこの複雑な体系が基になって、きめの細かい設計手法が生まれ、江戸時代の大工技術が高度に発達した。

[平井 聖]

[参照項目] | 田舎間
京間〔図〕
©Shogakukan">

京間〔図〕


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Kyomai - Kyoto dance

>>:  The Kyoho Famine

Recommend

Gingerbread - Gingerbread

→ Liatris Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About My...

parenchymal cell

The central vein is a small blood vessel that con...

Cluster headache

…In such cases, unlike trigeminal neuralgia, the ...

Hara

[1] 〘 noun 〙① A flat and wide place. Especially, u...

Ganga Dynasty - Ganga Cho (English spelling) Gaṅga

(1) A dynasty in southern Karnataka, India. It aro...

Schutz, R.

…It is known as the location of a unique Christia...

stage director

…Originally, in Europe and the United States, it ...

Tsugaru Hiba - Tsugaru Hiba

Aomori Hiba, or "beautiful forest," refe...

Slater, JC (English spelling) SlaterJC

…To explain the bonding patterns of compounds con...

Kilauea-type caldera - Kilauea-type caldera

… Collapsed calderas are further divided into the...

Kiri fire bucket - Kiri fire bucket

〘Noun〙 A circular brazier made by cutting a paulow...

Oniitaiya - Oniitaiya

...The leaves turn yellow in autumn. There are se...

Price parity method

...If this index rises by 10%, the price of wheat...

Dressoir

…For example, it is recorded that a nine- or ten-...

Leeds - Leeds (English spelling)

A city in the West Yorkshire metropolitan county ...