All distillations that involve systems that form azeotropic mixtures are azeotropic distillations, but generally, this refers to distillation in which two components that are inseparable or difficult to separate are separated by adding an azeotropic agent (entrainer) that forms an azeotropic mixture with one of the components. For example, ethanol and water form an azeotropic mixture with 96% ethanol, so ethanol of a higher concentration cannot be obtained by normal distillation. However, in the case of a water-benzene system (boiling point 80 °C), an azeotropic mixture is formed with a composition of 9% water and 91% benzene, so if an appropriate amount of benzene is added to a mixture of ethanol and water and distilled, a mixture of the above water-benzene azeotropic mixture (boiling point 69 °C) and ethanol (boiling point 78 °C) will be distilled, and it will be possible to extract water and benzene from the top of the rectification column and pure ethanol from the bottom of the column. Source: Morikita Publishing "Chemical Dictionary (2nd Edition)" Information about the Chemical Dictionary 2nd Edition |
共沸混合物をつくる系を取り扱う蒸留は,すべて共沸蒸留であるが,一般には,分離不能または分離困難な2成分を,これらのうちの一つの成分と共沸混合物をつくる共沸剤(エントレーナー)を添加することにより,分離を行う蒸留のこと.たとえば,エタノールと水とは,エタノール96% で共沸混合物をつくるので,通常の蒸留ではそれ以上の濃いエタノールは得られない.しかし,水-ベンゼン(沸点80 ℃)系では,水9%,ベンゼン91% の組成で共沸混合物をつくるので,エタノールと水との混合物に適量のベンゼンを添加して蒸留すると,上記の水-ベンゼン共沸混合物(沸点69 ℃)とエタノール(沸点78 ℃)との混合物を蒸留することになり,精留塔の塔頂から水とベンゼンを,塔底から純粋なエタノールを取り出すことが可能になる. 出典 森北出版「化学辞典(第2版)」化学辞典 第2版について 情報 |
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