Azeotropic mixture - eutectic mixture

Japanese: 共沸混合物 - きょうふつこんごうぶつ(英語表記)eutectic mixture
Azeotropic mixture - eutectic mixture

When distilling a mixed solution, the composition of the solution and the composition of the vapor may be the same at a certain temperature under a certain pressure. This phenomenon is called azeotropy, and a solution with this constant composition is called an azeotrope. Since this composition changes with pressure, it is clear that it is not a pure substance. For example, in the water-hydrogen chloride system, the azeotropic point at 1 atmosphere is 108.584°C and hydrogen chloride is 20.222%, but at 600 mm of mercury, it is 102.21°C and hydrogen chloride is 20.683%.

When examining a boiling point diagram for a binary system, the boiling point shows a maximum or minimum value for each composition. When a solution with this maximum or minimum composition is continuously separated by distillation, the liquid side or distillate side will eventually become an azeotrope, making it impossible to separate each component by distillation.

Therefore, to separate azeotropic mixtures, other processes such as absorption, extraction, and adsorption are used, but sometimes other solvents can be added to the azeotropic mixture to make it possible to distill it, which is called azeotropic distillation. For example, ethanol (ethyl alcohol) and water are in an azeotropic relationship, but adding benzene to this makes it a ternary system.

When this ternary azeotrope is distilled, the liquid becomes pure ethanol. This method was the first to produce pure ethanol industrially.

[Toshihisa Yoshida]

[Reference item] | Azeotropic distillation

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

混合溶液を蒸留するとき、ある一定の圧力のもとで一定の温度で溶液の組成と蒸気の組成が一致することがあり、この現象を共沸またはアゼオトロープazeotropeといい、また、この一定組成の溶液を共沸混合物という。この組成は圧力によって変化するから、それが純粋な物質でないことがわかる。たとえば、水‐塩化水素系では1気圧のもとで共沸点は108.584℃、塩化水素20.222%であるが、水銀柱600ミリメートルでは102.21℃、塩化水素20.683%である。

 二成分系で沸点図を調べてみると、組成に対して沸点が極大または極小値を示す。この極大または極小の組成をもつ溶液を蒸留で分け続けるとき、最終的には液体側または留出側がそれぞれ共沸混合物になるため、各成分を蒸留で分けることは不可能になる。

 したがって共沸混合物の分離には、吸収、抽出、吸着などほかの操作を用いるが、共沸混合物にほかの溶剤を加えて蒸留を可能にすることもあり、これを共沸蒸留という。たとえばエタノール(エチルアルコール)と水は共沸混合物の関係にあるが、これにベンゼンを加え三成分系にする。

 この三成分共沸混合物を蒸留させると液体側が純エタノールになる。工業的にはこの方法により初めて純エタノールが得られるようになった。

[吉田俊久]

[参照項目] | 共沸蒸留

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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