Thymus

Japanese: 胸腺 - きょうせん
Thymus

It is an endocrine organ that is also involved in immune function, sending T cells throughout the body. It is a flat, triangular organ located in the upper thoracic cavity, just behind the sternum, and in front of the heart and great cardiac vessels. It is divided into a left lobe and a right lobe. It has a light reddish appearance and a soft structure. From the late fetal period to the newborn, it grows to 5-6 cm in length, 1-14 cm in thickness, and weighs about 15 grams, and continues to develop until around puberty (30 grams or more), after which it rapidly degenerates and becomes a vestigial fat mass.

The internal structure is based on reticular tissue and can be distinguished into the peripheral cortex and the deep medulla, with immature T cells particularly densely present in the cortex, and mature T cells mainly existing in a prominent reticular structure in the medulla. In the center of this medulla there is a structure called Hassall's corpuscle, and it was once thought that the function of this corpuscle was useful for lymphocyte differentiation, but the details are unknown.

There are still many unknowns about the function of the thymus, but in animal experiments, removal of the gonads slows down thymus degeneration, and administration of sex hormones accelerates thymus degeneration, suggesting that the thymus may be controlled by the gonads. Early removal of the thymus does not affect its endocrine function, so its function as lymphatic tissue rather than its endocrine function is now considered. It is now believed that lymphoblast cells, which were in the bone marrow and other hematopoietic organs during fetal development, migrate to the thymus and begin to proliferate. Lymphocytes that proliferate in the thymus are called T lymphocytes, and it is known that these lymphocytes (lymphoblasts) also migrate to lymph nodes shortly after birth.

A constitutional abnormality in which lymphatic tissue throughout the body, such as the thymus and lymph nodes, enlarges inappropriately for the age of children and other such individuals, and the development of the blood vessels of the heart and other organs is insufficient, is called a thymic-lymphatic constitution. People with this constitution suffer from poor growth and development, reduced vitality, weak resistance, and can become disabled by even the slightest external stimuli, such as tooth extraction or injections. Thymic hypertrophy can also occur in cases of Graves' disease, myasthenia gravis, adrenal gland disorders, and leukemia. It has also been pointed out that the cause of thymic hypertrophy is most closely related to adrenal cortex disorders.

[Kazuyo Shimai]

[Reference] | T cells

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

内分泌器官で、免疫機能にも関与し、T細胞を全身に送っている。胸腔(きょうくう)の縱隔上方かつ胸骨のすぐ後ろで、心臓および心臓大血管の前方に位置する、全体として扁平(へんぺい)な三角状の器官で、左葉と右葉とに区別できる。外観は薄い赤みを帯びていて、柔らかい構造をしている。胎生後期から出生児では長さ5~6センチメートル、厚さ1~14センチメートル、重さ15グラムほどに成長し、思春期ごろまでさらに発達し(30グラム以上)、以後は急速に退化して脂肪塊の痕跡(こんせき)となる。

 内部構造は細網組織が基本となり周辺部の皮質と深部の髄質とに区別できるが、皮質部にはとくに未熟なT細胞が密在し、髄質部は著明な細網構造のなかに主として成熟したT細胞が存在している。この髄質部の中心部にハッサル(Hassall)小体とよぶ構造があり、この小体の働きはリンパ球の分化に役だつと考えられたこともあるが、詳細は不明である。

 胸腺の機能についてはまだ不明な点が多いが、動物実験などで、生殖腺を除去しておくと胸腺の退化が遅くなったり、性ホルモンの投与によって胸腺の退化が促進されることなどから、胸腺は生殖腺の支配を受けているとも考えられる。胸腺を早期に摘出しても内分泌作用に影響がないことから、内分泌機能よりもリンパ組織としての機能が考えられるようになった。胎生期には骨髄その他の造血器にあったリンパ芽(が)細胞が、胸腺に移って増殖するようになると考えられるようになった。胸腺で増殖するリンパ球をTリンパ球とよんでおり、このリンパ球(リンパ芽細胞)も生後間もなくリンパ結節に移動することが知られている。

 小児などで年齢不相応に、胸腺やリンパ結節など全身のリンパ組織が肥大し、心臓の血管などの発達が不十分な体質異状を胸腺リンパ体質という。この体質の人は成長発育の不全や生活力の低下を伴い、抵抗力が弱く、抜歯や注射などのわずかの外的刺激で障害を生じることもある。その他、バセドウ病、重症筋無力症、副腎(ふくじん)障害、白血病などのときにも、胸腺肥大がおこることがある。胸腺肥大の原因は副腎皮質障害ともっとも関係が深いことも指摘されている。

[嶋井和世]

[参照項目] | T細胞

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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