A field of applied economics that analyzes economic phenomena in the international community. Economic phenomena in the international community refer to economic transactions that span multiple national economies and can be broadly categorized into two categories. The first is the transaction of goods such as manufactured products, raw materials, and intermediate goods, and services (services for travelers, shipping, insurance, banking, warehousing, etc.). The second is the international movement of capital and labor, that is, the transaction of financial assets resulting from the lending of capital to foreign countries and borrowing from foreign countries, and the movement of production factors that appears in the form of emigration and migrant work abroad. Although these transactions are also conducted domestically, international economic transactions are distinguished from domestic economic transactions due to their unique characteristics. The most fundamental factor that characterizes modern international economic transactions is the existence of national sovereignty. First, each government legally regulates tax systems, health, factory organization, education, social security, labor unions, etc. within its own country, but the fact that these laws differ between countries means that the economic environment in which production takes place is different. Secondly, each government also regulates and encourages various aspects of international capital movements, immigration, overseas remittances, and foreign exchange transactions, and it can be said that while the movement of capital and labor is free within a country, it is more difficult internationally. Thirdly, since each country has its own currency unit and monetary system, international transactions are accompanied by the problem of settlement between different currencies (usually carried out through foreign exchange transactions) and the associated problem of exchange rate fluctuations. Thus, the basic uniqueness of international economic transactions can be found in the fact that they are strongly influenced by the overall adjustment of national sovereignty. In addition, differences in language, lifestyles, trading practices, and other cultural and social conditions from country to country also bring about unique characteristics in international economic transactions. Under these special circumstances, when goods and services are traded, that is, trade, the increase in volume (scale) depends on income and price. Changes in trade structure (composition of exports and imports by product) are also influenced by the quantity of production factors, technological progress, and the nature of policies, and as the scale of trade increases, it causes changes in the domestic economic structure and increases the productivity of the national economy. In other words, quantitative and qualitative changes in trade affect the productivity of each national economy, while at the same time deepening the interdependence of each national economy. In today's international economy, this interdependence has deepened more than ever before, making it necessary to solve economic problems on an international level. In an interdependent international society, each country must understand important domestic economic issues not simply as its own problems, but as problems for the international economy as a whole. The task of international economics is to provide a framework that can serve as a basis for understanding the relationship between international economic transactions and domestic economies through macroscopic and microscopic analysis. [Atsushi Murakami] "International Economics" by Ryutaro Komiya and Akihiro Amano (1972, Iwanami Shoten) " "Introduction to International Economics" edited by Hikaru Aihara and Rokuro Tsuchiya (1976, Yuhikaku) " "Applied International Economics - A Textbook on the Free Trade System" by Kiyoshi Kojima (1992, Bunshindo) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
国際社会の経済現象を分析対象とする応用経済学の一分野。国際社会の経済現象とは複数の国民経済にまたがる経済取引のことであり、大きく二つに分類することができる。第一は、製品、原料、中間財などの財貨とサービス(旅行者へのサービスや、船舶、保険、銀行、倉庫などのサービス)の取引である。第二は、資本や労働の国際的移動、すなわち外国への資本の貸付や外国からの借入によって生じる金融資産の取引とか、外国への移民や出稼ぎという形で現れる生産要素の移動である。 これらの取引は国内でも行われるが、国際経済取引は、それがもつ特殊性のために、国内経済取引とは区別される。現代の国際経済取引を特徴づけるもっとも基本的な要因は国家主権の存在である。第一に、各国政府は自国内で税制、保健、工場組織、教育、社会保障、労働組合などを法律的に規制しているが、これらの法律が各国間で異なるということは、生産を行う場としての経済環境が異なることを意味する。第二に、各国政府は、国際資本移動、移民、対外送金、外国為替(かわせ)取引に対してもさまざまな規制や奨励を行っており、国内では資本や労働の移動が自由であるのに対して、国際間ではより困難であるということができる。第三に、各国が独自の通貨単位と通貨制度をもっていることから、国際取引には異なった通貨間の決済(通常は外国為替取引を媒介に行われる)とそれに伴う為替相場変動の問題が付随する。このように国際経済取引の基本的特殊性は、それが国家主権の総体的な調整に強く影響を受けるという点に求められる。そのほか、言語、生活習慣、取引慣習、その他の文化的、社会的諸条件が国によって異なっていることも、国際経済取引に特殊性をもたらす要因となる。 このような特殊性のもとで、財貨やサービスの取引、すなわち貿易が行われる場合、その量(規模)の増大は所得と価格に依存する。また貿易構造(輸出入の商品別構成)の変化は生産要素の量や技術進歩さらに政策のあり方にも左右され、貿易の規模の増大とともに国内経済構造に変動を引き起こし、その国民経済の生産力を高めるのである。すなわち、貿易の量的、質的変化は各国民経済の生産力に影響を与えるのと同時に、各国民経済の相互依存関係を深める効果をもつ。 現在の国際経済においては、この相互依存関係がかつてないほど深まってきており、経済問題を国際的次元で解決することが必要になっている。相互依存の国際社会では、各国は国内の重要な経済問題を単に自国だけの問題としてではなく、国際経済全体の問題として理解しなければならない。国際経済学の課題は、国際経済取引と国内経済との関係を巨視的、微視的に分析することを通じて、その理解の基礎となるような枠組みを用意することである。 [村上 敦] 『小宮隆太郎・天野明弘著『国際経済学』(1972・岩波書店)』▽『相原光・土屋六郎編『国際経済学入門』(1976・有斐閣)』▽『小島清著『応用国際経済学――自由貿易体制テキスト』(1992・文真堂)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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