Washington System

Japanese: ワシントン体制 - わしんとんたいせい
Washington System

This refers to the postwar international order in East Asia and the Pacific that was created by a series of treaties and resolutions established at the Washington Conference (1921-22) after World War I. Under this system, the great European powers formed a united front under the leadership of the United States, and a rising Japan found itself diplomatically isolated.

America participated in the war and made a major contribution to the victory of the Allied powers. After the war, unlike the exhausted European countries, America's economic power was significantly strengthened as a creditor nation. However, despite actively participating in the Versailles Peace Conference and playing a leading role in forming the postwar international order, America refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles due to a resurgence of isolationism within the country, and America was unable to join the League of Nations, which it had helped to establish. For this reason, Republican President Harding, who came to power in the 1920 election, convened an international conference of nine nations in Washington, with the aim of forming a new international order in East Asia and the Pacific under America's initiative. The aims of this were (1) to contain and reorganize the influence of the European powers in the region, (2) to contain revolutionary Russia, (3) to contain and isolate Japan, which had risen to power by filling the gap between the great powers during the war, (4) to promote an open door policy for China, which had long been advocated by the United States, (5) to secure international recognition for the equal opportunity policy, and (6) to appeal to the nationalism of Asian countries, particularly China.

At the Washington Conference, many countries in economic difficulty called for an end to the naval arms race that had intensified among the victorious nations after the war. On the other hand, the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, which had been established to counter Russia and had continued for 20 years, had lost its original meaning as a result of the war. However, America saw it as an obstacle to the implementation of its China policy, and therefore aimed to use this conference as an opportunity to dissolve the Anglo-Japanese Alliance.

As a result of the conference, the Five-Power Treaty on Naval Arms Limitation was concluded, and the American naval power was increased to the same level as the British. The Four-Power Treaty on the Pacific also stipulated that the status quo be maintained regarding the Pacific islands, and as a result, the United States succeeded in dissolving the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, which it had long desired. Furthermore, the Nine-Power Treaty on China gave international written approval to the Open Door Policy, and Japan was forced to return its former German interests in Shandong Province. Thus, the United States' intended objectives were largely achieved. However, this was merely an adjustment of interests centered on the great powers, and nothing less than a reorganization of colonialism in East Asia and the Pacific. The Chinese people, who had placed high hopes in the Washington Conference, were disappointed, as they had been in the Paris Conference, and their nationalist movement became even more intensified thereafter. This system itself eventually collapsed with the onset of the Great Depression.

[Shigeru Usami]

"Interwar International Political History" by Takashi Saito (1978, Iwanami Shoten)

[References] | Washington Conference

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

第一次世界大戦後、ワシントン会議(1921~22)で成立した一連の条約や決議によってつくりだされた、戦後の東アジア、太平洋における国際秩序体制をいう。この体制下、アメリカの主導の下にヨーロッパ列強が共同戦線を張り、台頭してきた日本が外交的に孤立化するとの図式が生まれた。

 アメリカは、大戦に参戦し、連合国側の勝利に大きく貢献し、戦後は疲弊したヨーロッパ諸国と異なり、債権国となってその経済力は著しく強化された。しかし、ベルサイユ講和会議に積極的に加わり、戦後の国際秩序の形成に主導的な役割を演じたにもかかわらず、ふたたびおこった国内の孤立主義により、ベルサイユ条約の批准も拒否され、自ら創設にあたった国際連盟にも加盟できなかった。このため、1920年の選挙で新たに政権を握った共和党のハーディング大統領は、ワシントンに九か国からなる国際会議を招集、アメリカのイニシアティブで東アジア、太平洋における新国際秩序の形成を志した。そのねらいは、(1)ヨーロッパ列強の同地域における勢力の抑制と再編、(2)革命化したロシアの抑制、(3)大戦中に列強の間隙(かんげき)を縫って台頭した日本の抑制と孤立化、(4)アメリカの年来の主張である中国への門戸開放、(5)機会均等政策の国際的承認取り付け、(6)中国を中心としたアジア諸国の民族主義へのアピール、などであった。

 また、ワシントン会議には、戦後の戦勝国間で激化した海軍の建艦競争に歯止めをかけることが、経済苦境下の各国から求められていた。一方、本来ロシアに対抗するため成立し、20年間継続した日英同盟は、大戦の結果本来の意義を失ったが、アメリカにとっては、中国政策の遂行上障害と思われたため、この会議を契機に日英同盟の解体をねらっていた。

 会議の結果は、海軍軍備制限に関する五か国条約が成立し、アメリカの海軍力がイギリス並みに増強された。また、太平洋に関する四か国条約により、太平洋の島嶼(とうしょ)について現状維持が定められ、それによりアメリカは念願の日英同盟解消に成功した。さらに、中国に関する九か国条約で、門戸開放政策が国際的に文書によって承認され、日本は山東省の旧ドイツ権益の返還を余儀なくされた。このように、アメリカの所期の目的はおおむね達成された。しかし、それはあくまで大国中心の利害の調整であり、東アジア、太平洋における植民地主義の再編成にほかならなかった。ワシントン会議に大きな期待を寄せた中国国民はパリ会議に次いで失望を味わい、その後一段と民族運動を激化させた。この体制自体も、やがて大恐慌の到来で崩壊した。

[宇佐美滋]

『斉藤孝著『戦間期国際政治史』(1978・岩波書店)』

[参照項目] | ワシントン会議

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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