Director - Riji

It is an organ of a corporation that represents the corporation externally and performs the corporation's business internally in accordance with the articles of incorporation and the resolutions of the general meeting (General Incorporated Associations and General Incorporated Foundations Act, Articles 76 and 77). In a company, it is called a director (Company Act, Articles 348 and 349). For example, a general incorporated association must have one or more directors (General Incorporated Associations and General Incorporated Foundations Act, Article 60, Paragraph 1), and if there are multiple directors, each director represents the corporation, and if there is a representative director, the representative director represents the corporation (Corporate Act, Article 77). The relationship between directors and corporations is subject to the provisions on delegation in the Civil Code (General Incorporated Associations and General Incorporated Foundations Act, Article 64), and therefore directors must handle the affairs of the corporation with the duty of care of a good manager (called the duty of care, Civil Code, Article 644). In addition, they must comply with laws, the articles of incorporation, and resolutions of the general assembly, and faithfully perform their duties for the corporation (called the duty of loyalty; General Incorporated Associations and Foundations Act, Article 83), and if they neglect their duties, they will be liable for damages to the corporation (Article 111 of the same act). Furthermore, if a director enters into a transaction that falls under the category of the corporation's business for himself or a third party, or enters into a transaction with a corporation, he or she is subject to restrictions on competitive and conflict-of-interest transactions, such as having to disclose important matters regarding the transaction at a general assembly and receive approval (Article 84 of the same act).

[Takayoshi Ito]

"Takashi Uchida, Civil Law I, 4th Edition, General Provisions and General Theory of Property Rights" (2008, University of Tokyo Press)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

対外的には法人を代表し、対内的には定款や総会の決議に従って法人の業務を行う法人の機関をいう（一般社団法人及び一般財団法人に関する法律（一般社団・財団法人法）76条・77条）。会社では取締役という（会社法348条・349条）。一般社団法人の例で説明すると、1人または2人以上の理事をおかなければならず（一般社団・財団法人法60条1項）、理事が複数の場合には、各理事が法人を代表し、代表理事がある場合には、代表理事が法人を代表する（同法77条）。理事と法人の関係は、民法の委任の規定に従うものとされ（一般社団・財団法人法64条）、したがって理事は善良な管理者の注意義務をもって法人の事務を処理しなければならない（善管注意義務という。民法644条）。また、法令、定款および社員総会の決議を遵守し、法人のために忠実にその職務を行わなければならず（忠実義務という。一般社団・財団法人法83条）、任務を怠ると、法人に対して損害賠償責任を負う（同法111条）。さらに、理事が自己または第三者のために法人の事業の部類に属する取引を行ったり、法人と取引したりするような場合には、社員総会においてその取引についての重要事項を開示して承認を受けなければならないなど、競業および利益相反行為取引の制限を受ける（同法84条）。

［伊藤高義］

『内田貴著『民法Ⅰ　第4版　総則・物権総論』（2008・東京大学出版会）』

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