A concept proposed by E. Forsthoff of Germany in the 1930s. Benefit administration, unlike order maintenance administration, serves citizens by providing benefits to citizens and establishing public facilities to promote the economic, social, and cultural public interest. This generally includes consideration administration (transportation facilities, telegraph and telephone facilities, gas, water, and electricity supply, wastewater treatment, sewage treatment, educational and cultural facilities, hospitals, etc.), social administration (social security, social assistance, etc.), and promotion administration (financial subsidies). Benefit administration in principle does not involve infringement of freedom and property and acts in a beneficial manner, but due to democratic principles, the provision of benefits by the administration requires a legal basis. However, there is also a theory that a budget is sufficient. In reality, important areas of benefit administration (such as social administration) are already regulated by law. Benefit administration by local governments, which is the closest to citizens, is often regulated by ordinances and so-called facility use rules. Benefit administration can also be formed under both public law and private law. However, even if the provision of benefits is not clearly regulated by law or is carried out in the form of private law, benefit administration is not entirely free, but is bound by fundamental human rights (especially the right to equality) and the principle of proportionality. Currently, how to guarantee citizen participation in benefit administration is an important issue. However, there are also critical theories on the concept of benefit administration, due to its diversity in content, and because those who actively accept the concept of benefit administration often uncritically accept the welfare state theory, which is problematic in terms of its ideological nature. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
1930年代にドイツの E.フォルストホフにより提唱された概念。給付行政は,秩序維持行政とは異なり,経済的,社会的,文化的な公共の利益の増進のために,市民に対して給付を提供したり公共施設を設置することによって,市民に奉仕するものである。このなかには,一般的には,配慮行政 (交通運輸施設,電信電話設備,ガス水道電気供給,汚物処理,下水処理,教育文化施設,病院など) や,社会行政 (社会保障,社会援助など) および促進行政 (資金補助) などが含まれる。給付行政は原則的には自由と財産への侵害を含まないで,授益的に作用するが,民主主義原理などから行政による給付の提供は法律の根拠を必要とする。しかし,これに対して予算で十分であるという説もある。実際には給付行政の重要な領域 (社会行政など) はすでに法律的に規律されている。市民にとって最も身近な地方公共団体の給付行政は,条例やいわゆる営造物利用規則などによって規律されている場合が多い。また給付行政は公法的にも私法的にも形成することができる。しかし給付の提供が,たとえば明確に法律によって規律されず,あるいは私法上の形式で行われようと,給付行政はまったく自由になされてよいのではなく,基本的人権 (特に平等権) や比例原則などに拘束される。現在,給付行政においてどのように市民の参加を保障するかが重要な課題になっている。しかし給付行政の観念については,その内容の多様性,あるいは給付行政概念を積極的に承認しようとする論者が,多くの場合,福祉国家論を無批判的に承認していることから,イデオロギー性に問題があることなどを理由に,批判的な学説も見受けられる。
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