Absorption - Kyushu

Japanese: 吸収 - キュウシュウ
Absorption - Kyushu

[ I ] The loss of some or all of the energy or particle number of elastic waves (sound waves, shock waves, etc.), radiation (radio waves, microwaves, light, X-rays, gamma rays, etc.), or particle flows (electron beams, neutron beams, atomic and molecular flows, etc.) when passing through a material. The mechanism of absorption, as well as the mechanism of dissipation of the absorbed energy or particles, differs depending on the type and energy of the incident material and the structure and arrangement of the material. The absorption coefficient is often used to indicate the degree of absorption for elastic waves and radiation, while the absorption cross section is often used for particle beams. [ II ] The phenomenon in which solute molecules in a gas or solution are absorbed into a solid or liquid that is in contact with it. This is distinct from adsorption, which causes a change in concentration at an interface. Examples include the dissolution of hydrogen chloride in water, and the dissolution of hydrogen into alkali metals and palladium. Absorption consists of adsorption at the interface followed by diffusion into the interior, and diffusion is generally slow, making it the rate-limiting step in reaching equilibrium. The absorbed molecular species exist as molecular or ionic solutions, solid solutions, compounds, etc., but it is known that gases such as hydrogen and oxygen absorbed inside solid catalysts change the bonding state of the surface layer and affect the catalytic action. [ III ] Gas absorption: A method of separating a specific component from a mixed gas, mainly by contacting it with a liquid that dissolves that specific component. It is used to recover useful components from mixed gases, remove unnecessary or harmful components, and separate reaction products. In many cases, water is a very convenient absorption liquid, but when the solubility is low, a large amount of water may be used, or chemicals may be used instead of high pressure to cause a chemical reaction at the same time as absorption. This is called chemical absorption. The theory of absorption is based on the double film theory proposed by WK Lewis and WG Whitman in 1923, and is still in use today. There are various types of absorbers, including packed towers, tray towers, spray towers, scrubbers, wetted-wall towers, bubble towers, and bubble-stirred tanks. Of these, packed towers are the most commonly used absorbers because they have a simple structure, high absorption efficiency, and little gas pressure loss.

Source: Morikita Publishing "Chemical Dictionary (2nd Edition)" Information about the Chemical Dictionary 2nd Edition

Japanese:

】弾性波(音波・衝撃波など),放射線(ラジオ波,マイクロ波,光,X線,γ線など),粒子の流れ(電子線,中性子線,原子分子の流れなど)が物質中を通過するとき,それらのエネルギーまたは粒子数の一部または全部を失うこと.吸収の機構も,また吸収したエネルギーや粒子の散逸の機構も,入射するものの種類やエネルギーと物質の構造や配置によって異なる.吸収の程度を示すには,弾性波や放射線に対しては吸収係数を用いることが多いが,粒子線に対しては吸収断面積を用いることが多い.【】気体あるいは溶液中の溶質分子がこれと接する固体または液体の内部に取り込まれる現象.界面上の濃度変化を生じる吸着とは区別される.塩化水素の水への溶解や,水素がアルカリ金属,パラジウム内に解離して溶解するのはその例である.吸収は界面への吸着に続く内部への拡散から成り立っており,一般に拡散が遅く,平衡に達するときの律速段階となっている.吸収された分子種は分子性またはイオン性溶液,固溶体,化合物などとして存在するが,固体触媒内部に吸収された水素,酸素などの気体が表面層の結合状態をかえ,触媒作用に影響することが知られている.【】ガス吸収:混合ガス中からある特定の成分を分離する方法の一つで,おもにその特定成分を溶解するような液体を接触させる方法である.混合ガス中の有用成分の回収や不用もしくは有害成分の除去,反応生成物の分離などに用いられる.多くの場合,水は非常に便利な吸収液であるが,溶解度が小さい場合には多量の水を使用したり,高圧にするかわりに化学薬品を使用して,吸収と同時に化学反応を起こさせる場合もある.これを化学吸収という.吸収の理論は,1923年にW.K. LewisとW.G. Whitmanの二人によって提案された二重境膜説を基礎としており,現在もなお使われている.吸収器としては,充填塔,段塔,スプレー塔,スクラッバー,ぬれ壁塔,気泡塔,気泡かくはん槽など,種々の形式があるが,このうち,充填塔は構造が簡単で吸収の効率も高く,ガスの圧力損失が少ないなどのためにもっとも代表的な吸収器として使用されている.

出典 森北出版「化学辞典(第2版)」化学辞典 第2版について 情報

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