Vampire

Japanese: 吸血鬼 - きゅうけつき
Vampire

A monster that has been feared since ancient times, especially in Eastern Europe. At night, the corpses of violent criminals, suicides, excommunicated people, and people who were buried too early rise from their graves and suck the living blood of people who are deep asleep with their long canines. The people who are sucked become captive to this nocturnal visit and turn into vampires when they die. In English, it is called vampire, which also means a vampire bat that lives in Central and South America. The etymology is from the Turkish word uber (witch), and it was introduced to Western Europe as uper in Ukrainian, vapir in Bulgarian, and vampir in Serbian. There are various theories about the appearance of vampires, but they are said to have hair growing on the palms of their hands, blue eyes, red hair, and hare lips. To eradicate them forever, it is not enough to just kill them, but to bury them at a crossroads and drive a stake into their heart. Repelling vampires include bells, lights, and garlic.

Vampires first appeared in literature at the end of the 18th century, when Romantic literature emerged, in works such as Goethe's "The Bride of Corinth" (1797), Baudelaire's "Vampire" (1855), and Le Fanu's "Carmilla" (1872), but the most famous is Bram Stoker's "Dracula" (1897), which has also been made into a film. Transylvania, the setting of the story, has become a tourist destination in Eastern Europe due to its legend.

[Hideo Funato]

"Vampire Fantasy" by Toshihiro Tanemura (Kawade Bunko)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

東ヨーロッパを中心に昔から恐れられている魔物。夜、墓の中から、凶悪犯人、自殺者、破門者、早く埋葬されすぎた者などの死体がよみがえって現れ、長く伸びた犬歯によって熟睡している人の生き血を吸い、吸われた人はこの夜の訪問のとりことなり、死ねば吸血鬼に変じるというのが一般的な伝説である。英語ではバンパイアvampireといい、この語はまた中南米に生息する吸血コウモリを意味する。語源的にはトルコ語のuber(魔女)であり、ウクライナ語ではuper、ブルガリア語ではvapir、セルビア語ではvampirとなって西欧に伝わった。吸血鬼の姿には諸説あるが、手のひらに毛が生えていて、碧眼紅毛(へきがんこうもう)、兎唇(としん)などという。これを永久に絶やすには、ただ殺しただけではだめであって、四つ辻(つじ)に埋め、心臓に杭(くい)を打ち込まなければならない。吸血鬼除(よ)けとしては、鐘、明かり、ニンニクがある。

 吸血鬼が文学に登場するのは、ロマン派の文学がおこった18世紀末以降で、ゲーテの『コリントの花嫁』(1797)、ボードレールの『吸血鬼』(1855)、ル・ファニュの『カーミラ』(1872)などがあるが、もっとも有名なのはブラム・ストーカーの『吸血鬼ドラキュラ』(1897)であり、映画化もしばしばなされている。舞台の中心地トランシルバニアはこの伝説に絡んで東欧の観光地になっている。

[船戸英夫]

『種村季弘著『吸血鬼幻想』(河出文庫)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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