A shrub in the Euphorbiaceae family (APG classification: Euphorbiaceae). It is also called the tapioca tree, the manihot tree, or manioc. It has been cultivated in Central and South America since ancient times, and no wild species are known. It was cultivated in Peru 4,000 years ago and in Mexico 2,000 years ago. After the discovery of the New World, it was introduced to the tropical regions of the world by the Portuguese, and is now widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. It is mainly produced in six countries: Nigeria, Thailand, Brazil, Indonesia, Ghana, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire), which produce 59% of the world's total production. Some grow up to 5 meters tall, but usually only 2 or 3 meters. The stem has nodes, and when the plant is injured, it exudes a white milky sap. The leaves are palmate, deeply lobed into 5-7 segments, 10-30 cm in diameter, and the petiole is 5-30 cm long. The adventitious roots emerge from the base of the stem and swell to become tuberous roots like those of a dahlia. The tuberous roots are 3-15 cm in diameter and 0.15-1 meter long, and there are 5-10 of them per plant. The outside is white or light brown or dark brown, and the inside is usually white, although some are red or yellow, and contains a lot of starch. There are many varieties and lineages, but they are broadly divided into bitter and sweet varieties. The bitter variety is M. esculenta Crantz, and the tubers contain hydrocyanic acid and are poisonous. It is suitable for starch production, has a high yield, and has good storage properties. The sweet variety is M. dulcis Bail., which contains hydrocyanic acid mainly in the husk and is less toxic. It is also thinner and smaller than the bitter variety, and is better suited to growing in cooler climates. In the tropics, it is the second most important staple food after rice, and is eaten boiled, roasted, or mashed and washed to remove any toxic substances, then baked into bread. To extract the starch, the tubers are pounded and crushed, then placed in bamboo baskets under pressure and squeezed while changing the water. Starch (called tapioca) can also be refined from the dried tuber powder. The starch is often kneaded while it still contains water, formed into small pellets, and lightly heated to semi-gelatinize the surface, making it into a product called tapioca pearls, which are exported all over the world. [Hoshikawa Kiyochika June 23, 2020] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
トウダイグサ科(APG分類:トウダイグサ科)の低木。イモノキ、タピオカノキ、マニホットノキ、マニオクともいう。古くから中南米で栽培され、野生種は知られていない。ペルーでは4000年前、メキシコでは2000年前から栽培された。新大陸発見後、ポルトガル人によって世界の熱帯に伝えられ、広く熱帯、亜熱帯で栽培されている。主産地はナイジェリア、タイ、ブラジル、インドネシア、ガーナ、コンゴ民主共和国(旧、ザイール)の6か国で、世界の総生産量の59%を産出する。 高さ5メートルに達するものもあるが、普通は2、3メートル。茎は節があり、植物体を傷つけると白色の乳液を出す。葉は掌状で5~7片に深く切れ込み、径10~30センチメートル、葉柄は5~30センチメートル。根は茎の基部から出た不定根が肥大し、ダリアの根のような塊根になる。塊根は太さ3~15センチメートル、長さ0.15~1メートルで、1株に5~10本つく。外側は白または淡褐色ないし濃褐色で、内部は普通は白で、赤や黄色のものもあり、デンプンを多く含む。多くの品種、系統があるが、苦味種と甘味種に大別される。苦味種はニガキャッサバM. esculenta Crantzで、いもに青酸を含み、有毒である。デンプン製造に適し、多収で貯蔵性に富む。甘味種はアマキャッサバM. dulcis Bail.で、青酸が主として外皮に含まれ、毒性は少ない。いもはやや細くて小さく、苦味種よりも涼しい所での栽培に適している。 熱帯では米に次ぐ主食とされ、煮たり、焼いたり、すりつぶして水洗いしたりして毒成分を除いたのち、パン状に焼くなどして食べる。デンプンをとるには、いもを搗(つ)き砕いて、竹製の籠(かご)に入れて加圧し、水を取り替えながら絞る。いもの乾燥粉からデンプン(タピオカと称する)を精製することもある。デンプンがまだ水を含んでいるうちに練り、小球状として軽く加熱して表面を半糊化(こか)させて製品とすることが多いが、これをタピオカパールといい、世界各地に輸出されている。 [星川清親 2020年6月23日] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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