Capsaicin

Japanese: カプサイシン
Capsaicin
Since ancient times, it has been known that chili peppers have effects such as increasing appetite, strengthening the stomach, relieving fatigue, and promoting sweating and blood circulation. Because eating chili peppers warms the body, they have also been used to relieve stiff shoulders and back pain caused by cold. These effects are due to the spiciness unique to chili peppers, and the hot ingredient is capsaicin.
As you know, the spiciness of capsaicin stimulates the tongue and stomach, increasing appetite. However, it also stimulates the central nervous system, promotes the secretion of adrenaline , and activates energy metabolism. This promotes the breakdown of body fats such as cholesterol, which are then converted into heat energy in the same way as when you exercise.
Due to these effects, capsaicin increases appetite and helps prevent obesity. It is also effective in strengthening the penis and preventing aging.
In addition, it constricts capillaries and activates the heart, but it also has the distinctive effect of not raising blood pressure too much. If you use the spiciness well, you can make food taste delicious even without salt, which is also effective in reducing salt intake, so using it in moderation is recommended for people with high blood pressure. Furthermore, it has recently been said to have an immune-boosting effect and is effective in preventing colds and other illnesses.
Although chili peppers are a common and inexpensive ingredient, taking large amounts at once can be irritating to the stomach, so it is wise to avoid using them indiscriminately. People who tend to get bloodshot eyes, have hemorrhoids , or suffer from atopic dermatitis should also avoid them.
The amount of capsaicin contained in chili peppers varies depending on the variety, which affects the level of spiciness. Among domestic chili peppers, Takanotsume is considered to be the spiciest.

Capsaicin

It is generally believed that chili peppers are spicy, but not all of them are. There are sweet chili peppers, such as shishito and Fushimiama, that are used as vegetables and have no spiciness. Also, the degree of spiciness of hot chili peppers varies depending on the type, from mild to very spicy.
What determines the spiciness of these chili peppers is not the amount of capsaicin, but its molecular structure.
When the molecular chains that make up capsaicin are just the right length, neither too long nor too short, humans feel a strong spiciness.
The unit used to express the degree of spiciness is called "Scoville Units." This is a number that is used to determine the degree of spiciness by diluting the capsaicin contained in chili peppers with water and measuring the concentration at which the spiciness can still be felt.
By the way, the hottest chili pepper in Japan, Taka no Tsume , has a Scoville unit rating of 30,000 to 50,000. This is a hot pepper even by global standards. However, the hottest peppers are said to reach 100,000 to 350,000 Scoville units, which is an unimaginable level of spiciness.
In Korea and Mexico, where chili peppers are used in abundance on a daily basis, they use a variety of chili peppers, ranging from mild to very hot, depending on the dish.
While you can't check the Scoville units when buying chilies at the store, using a variety of hot and mild chilies can definitely add depth to the flavor of a spicy dish.

Source: Shogakukan Medical Museum of Food Information

Japanese:
古くから、トウガラシには食欲増進、健胃、疲労回復、発汗や血行の促進といった効果があることが知られています。食べると体があたたまるので、冷えが原因の肩こり、腰痛(ようつう)の解消にも利用されてきました。これらの効果はトウガラシ特有の辛さのためで、その辛み成分がカプサイシンです。
 カプサイシンの辛みは、舌や胃を刺激して、食欲を増す効果をもつのは、ご存じのとおり。しかし、それだけではなく、中枢神経を刺激してアドレナリンの分泌(ぶんぴつ)をうながし、エネルギーの代謝(たいしゃ)をさかんにする働きがあります。そのため、コレステロールなどの体脂肪の分解がうながされて、運動したときと同様に熱エネルギーへと変換されるのです。
 これらの作用によって、カプサイシンは食欲を増しながら肥満の予防にも役立つというわけ。また、強精、老化防止にも効果があります。
 このほか、毛細血管を収縮させて心臓の動きを活発にしますが、その際、血圧をあまり上昇させないのも特徴的な作用。辛みをじょうずに利用すれば塩なしでも料理がおいしく感じられ、結果的に減塩にも有効なので、適量の使用は高血圧の人にもおすすめできます。さらに、最近では免疫力増進効果もあり、かぜなどの予防に有効ともいわれています。
 トウガラシは身近で安価な材料ですが、一度に大量にとると刺激で胃を荒らすこともあるため、むやみな使い方は避けたほうが賢明。目の充血しやすい人、痔疾(じしつ)の人、アトピー性皮膚炎の人も避けたほうがいいでしょう。
 トウガラシは、その品種によってカプサイシンの含有量に差があり、それは辛みの程度に現れます。ちなみに、国産品ではタカノツメがもっとも辛いとされています。

カプサイシン

トウガラシといえば辛いものというのが一般的な認識ですが、すべてが辛いわけではありません。辛みがなく野菜として利用される、シシトウや伏見甘(ふしみあま)のような甘み種のトウガラシもあります。また、辛み種のトウガラシも、種類によってマイルドなものから刺激の強烈なものまで、その辛さの度合いはさまざまです。
 こうしたトウガラシの辛みを左右するのは、カプサイシンの量ではなく、その分子構造。
 カプサイシンを構成する分子の鎖が長すぎも短すぎもせず、適当な長さになったとき、人間は強く辛みを感じるのです。
 そして、この辛みの度合いを示す単位を「スコヴィルユニット」といいます。これはトウガラシに含まれるカプサイシンを水で薄めていき、どの濃度まで辛みを感じとれるかで、辛みの度合いを判断する数値です。
 ちなみに、日本の代表的辛みトウガラシの鷹(たか)の爪(つめ)は、スコヴィルユニット3万~5万。これは世界的にみても辛い部類に入る数値です。ただ、もっとも辛いものになると、スコヴィルユニット10万~35万に達するといいますから、その辛さは想像を絶するレベルです。
 トウガラシを日ごろからふんだんに使う韓国やメキシコでは、料理に応じて、辛みのマイルドなものから、強烈なものまで、細かく使いわけているといいます。
 店でトウガラシを買うときに、スコヴィルユニットを調べるわけにはいきませんが、辛みの強いトウガラシやマイルドなトウガラシを使いわければ、辛い料理の奥行きが、大きく増すことはまちがいありません。

出典 小学館食の医学館について 情報

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