Cyprus problem

Japanese: キプロス問題 - きぷろすもんだい
Cyprus problem

Cyprus was originally a Turkish territory, but at the end of the Russo-Turkish War (1877-78), Britain concluded a defensive alliance treaty with Turkey (the Treaty of Cyprus), which gave Britain administrative rights over Cyprus in exchange for defending Turkey. When Turkey concluded an alliance treaty with Germany during World War I, Britain declared war on Turkey and announced the annexation of Cyprus (1914). Under British rule, the Enosis movement arose among the majority of Christian Greek Cypriots, seeking autonomy and belonging to Greece. This movement developed into anti-British riots after World War II, but the minority Muslim Turkish Cypriots opposed this and insisted on maintaining the status quo.

To resolve this issue, the British government invited the British, Greek and Turkish governments to hold a conference in London in February 1959, with representatives from both the Greek and Turkish residents, and the five parties agreed to create the "Republic of Cyprus." The constitution provided for the establishment of a Greek president, each with veto power, a Turkish vice-president, and a parliament made up of 70% Greeks and 30% Turkish people. The biggest issue was the integration of the Greek and Turkish residents. However, due to the crisis surrounding this issue and financial problems associated with protecting the rights of the Turkish minority, President Makarios began to revise the constitution in 1963, which provoked opposition from the Turkish residents and led to a civil war. As this civil war was in danger of becoming internationalized through military intervention by both Greece and Turkey, in March of the same year, the UN Security Council, with the consent of the Cypriot government, dispatched the UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) to prevent the recurrence of fighting and to maintain and restore law and order. The UN forces dealt well with the difficult situation of the civil war and made efforts to bring peace to Cyprus, but the conflict between the two ethnic groups did not resolve, and in 1983 the Turkish residents of Northern Cyprus declared the independence of the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus". The UN Security Council rejected this declaration. In 1991, the UN proposed a federal system between the "Republic of Cyprus" and the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus", and after this, many talks between the North and South were held. However, in 1997, the North opposed the South's missile deployment plan and its move to join the European Union (EU), and the negotiations broke down. The situation between the two countries became increasingly severe.

[Shigeru Kozai]

In February 2004, direct negotiations between representatives of North and South Cyprus were resumed with the mediation of UN Secretary-General Annan. In April, Annan presented his final plan to make Cyprus a federal state consisting of Greek and Turkish Cypriots, and a national referendum was held to ask whether the plan was acceptable. However, there was not a majority in the areas where Greek Cypriots are in the majority, and reunification was not achieved. Since then, there has been no significant progress in resolving the Cyprus issue, but in 2008, Greek Cypriot President Christofias and Turkish Cypriot President Talat met and began negotiations on reunification.

[Editorial Department]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

キプロス島はもとトルコ領であったが、ロシア・トルコ戦争(1877~78)の終末段階でイギリスはトルコと防御同盟条約(キプロス島条約)を結び、トルコを防衛する代償としてキプロスに対する施政権を得た。第一次世界大戦に際しトルコがドイツと同盟条約を結んだため、イギリスはトルコに宣戦し、キプロスの併合を宣言した(1914)。イギリスの支配下で、多数を占めるキリスト教徒ギリシア系キプロス人により、自治とギリシアへの帰属を求めるエノシス運動が起こった。この運動は第二次世界大戦後、反英暴動に発展したが、少数派のイスラム教徒トルコ系キプロス人は、これに反対して現状維持を主張した。

 問題打開のため、1959年2月に、イギリス政府の招請で、イギリス、ギリシア、トルコの3国政府と、ギリシア系住民、トルコ系住民の双方の代表によるロンドン会議が開かれ、この五者の合意により「キプロス共和国」が創設された。その憲法は、おのおの拒否権をもつギリシア系の大統領、トルコ系の副大統領、さらにギリシア系70%、トルコ系30%で構成される議会の設置を規定した。ギリシア系、トルコ系住民の統合問題が最大の課題とされた。しかしこの統合問題をめぐる危機と、トルコ系少数派の権利擁護に伴う財政問題から、1963年、マカリオス大統領は憲法改正に着手し、これがトルコ系住民の反発を買い、内戦状態となった。この内戦は、ギリシア、トルコ両国の軍事介入により国際化する危険があったため、同年3月に国連安全保障理事会は戦闘再発防止と、法と秩序の維持・回復のため、キプロス政府の同意を得て、国連キプロス平和維持軍(UNFICYP)を現地に派遣した。この国連軍は、内戦という困難な事態によく対処してキプロスの平穏化に努力したが、両系住民間の対立は解けず、1983年北キプロスのトルコ系住民は「北キプロス・トルコ共和国」の独立を宣言。国連安全保障理事会はその効力を否認した。1991年国連は「キプロス共和国」と「北キプロス・トルコ共和国」との連邦制を提案、それを受けてその後もしばしば南北の会談が行われた。しかし1997年、南によるミサイル配備計画やヨーロッパ連合(EU)加盟の動きに北が反発し、交渉は決裂。2国間の情勢はますます厳しいものになった。

[香西 茂]

 2004年2月、国連事務総長アナンの仲介で南北両代表の直接交渉が再開された。4月にアナンは、キプロスをギリシア系とトルコ系からなる連邦国家にするという最終案を示し、この案に対し賛否を問う国民投票が行われた。しかし、ギリシア系キプロス人が多数を占める地域では賛成票が過半数に至らず、再統一は達成されなかった。その後、キプロス問題解決には大きな進展がみられていないが、2008年にはギリシア系キプロスのフリストフィアス大統領とトルコ系キプロスのタラット大統領が会談、再統一への交渉が行われるようになった。

[編集部]

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