…E. Sapir, who studied American Indian languages extensively, noticed the existence of a phonological system with a different level from the phonetic realities in his book Language (1921), and called it a sound pattern. He also argued that the form of a language is easier to study as a system than its meaning or function, and paved the way for a typological classification of languages based on purely formal criteria without relying on historical or developmental relationships. However, the founder of American structural linguistics was L. Bloomfield, who was the same age as Sapir, and whose book Language (1933) clearly showed a concrete methodology of descriptive linguistics based on behavioral psychology. His method was an anti-mentalism approach that started from observable external factors and reached the content of linguistic communication, and the identification of functions and meanings by recording and analyzing all possible positional distributions of the units of a language system. The latter became a methodological feature unique to American structural linguistics, called distributionism. … From Bloomfield…Born in Chicago. Together with anthropologist F. Boas and his student, linguist E. Sapir, he laid the foundations of American structural linguistics. After receiving his doctorate at the University of Chicago, he studied in Germany from 1913 to 1914, where he studied historical linguistics in the Young Grammar School under comparative linguists August Leskien (1840-1916) and K. Burgmann. … *Some of the terminology referenced in "American Structural Linguistics" is listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…アメリカ・インディアン諸語を広く研究したE.サピアはその著書《言語Language》(1921)の中で音声的実態とレベルを異にする音韻論的体系の存在に気づき,これを〈音声パターンsound pattern〉と呼ぶ一方,言語の意味や機能よりは形式の方が体系として研究しやすいことを説き,歴史的・発生的関係に頼らずに純粋に形式的な基準による言語の類型論的分類への道を開いた。しかしアメリカ構造言語学の開祖となったのは彼と同年代のL.ブルームフィールドで,その著書《言語Language》(1933)は行動主義心理学に基づく記述言語学の具体的な方法論を明快に示すものであった。その手法は観察可能な外面的要因から出発して言語コミュニケーションの内容へと至る反メンタリズムanti‐mentalismのアプローチと,一言語体系の諸単位が占め得るあらゆる位置的分布の記録・分析による機能や意味の同定であり,後者はとくに分布主義distributionismと呼ばれるアメリカ構造言語学特有の方法的特徴となった。… 【ブルームフィールド】より…シカゴ出身。人類学者F.ボアズとその門弟の言語学者E.サピアとともにアメリカ構造言語学の基礎をすえた。シカゴ大学で博士の学位を得た後,1913‐14年にドイツに留学,比較言語学者レスキーンAugust Leskien(1840‐1916),K.ブルクマンらの下で青年文法学派の史的言語学を修めた。… ※「アメリカ構造言語学」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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