Stein, Gertrude

Japanese: スタイン（英語表記）Stein, Gertrude

Born: February 3, 1874 in Allegheny, Pennsylvania, USA
[Died] July 27, 1946. Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. American poet and novelist. Studied psychology under William James at Radcliffe College, and after graduating, entered the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. In 1903, he moved to London, then to Paris, where he spent most of his life as a "false citizen" in France. Influenced by James and Henri L. Bergson, he experimented with bold linguistics in his novels and poetry, and became a patron of new artistic movements, forming friendships with many young writers and painters, including Henri-Emile Benoit Matisse, Pablo Ruiz i Picasso, and André Gide. He is also the one who coined the term "The Lost Generation," and through his friendships with Sherwood Anderson and Ernest Hemingway, he had a major influence on American literature after World War I. Her major works include the short story collection Three Lives (1909), the poetry collection Tender Buttons (1914), a record of her own family history The Making of Americans (1925), and an autobiography written under the name of her secretary, The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (1933). She also left behind critiques, lecture notes, and opera librettos.

Stein
Stein, Sir Mark Aurel

Born: November 26, 1862, Budapest
[Died] October 26, 1943. Kabul. Hungarian-born British archaeologist, orientalist, and explorer. He conducted three Central Asian expeditions. His first expedition was from 1900 to 1901, and he investigated the area around Khotan. His second expedition was from 1906 to 1908, and he went further east, exploring various parts of Xinjiang Province in China, leaving his mark in Donghuang (Dunhuang) and discovering the Thousand Buddha Caves. His third expedition was from 1913 to 1916, and he was particularly involved in exploring the Gansu Province of China. His expeditions covered a wide range of subjects, including geography, history, archaeology, and art, and he collected many ancient documents and discovered relics, making a great contribution to the investigation of cultural exchange between the East and the West in ancient times and the transportation routes. He later aimed to conduct a fourth expedition, but died before achieving his goal due to persecution by the Chinese authorities. He is the author of many books on the ancient history of Central Asia, including Serindia (1921).

Stein
Stein, William Howard

Born: June 25, 1911, New York
[Died] February 2, 1980. New York American biochemist. After earning his doctorate from Columbia Medical School in 1938, he joined the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (now Rockefeller University). He engaged in research into the molecular structure of proteins, and developed methods for analyzing the structures of amino acids and peptides derived from proteins. He also used these methods to achieve great success in determining the structure of ribonuclease, an enzyme that breaks down ribonucleic acid. In 1972, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with CB Anfinsen and S. Moore.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1874.2.3. アメリカ合衆国，ペンシルバニア，アリゲニー
[没]1946.7.27. フランス，ヌイイシュルセーヌ
アメリカ合衆国の詩人，小説家。ラドクリフ大学でウィリアム・ジェームズについて心理学を学び，卒業後ジョンズ・ホプキンズ大学医学部に入学。1903年ロンドンに渡り，のちパリに移って，「国籍離脱者」として生涯の大半をフランスで過ごした。ジェームズやアンリ・L.ベルグソンの影響を受けて，小説や詩における大胆な言語上の実験を試み，また新しい芸術運動の庇護者となり，アンリ・エミール・ブノア・マチス，パブロ・ルイス・イ・ピカソ，アンドレ・ジッドをはじめ多くの若い作家や画家と親交を結んだ。「失われた世代」の名づけ親でもあり，シャーウッド・アンダーソンやアーネスト・ヘミングウェーとの交友を通して，第1次世界大戦後のアメリカ文学に大きな影響を与えた。主著に短編集『三人の女』Three Lives（1909），詩集『やさしい釦』Tender Buttons（1914），自身の家系の記録『アメリカ人の形成』The Making of Americans（1925），秘書の名をかりた自伝『アリス・B.トクラスの自伝──わたしがパリで会った天才たち』The Autobiography of Alice B.Toklas（1933）があり，評論，講演録，オペラ台本なども残した。

スタイン
Stein， Sir Mark Aurel

[生]1862.11.26. ブダペスト
[没]1943.10.26. カブール
ハンガリー生れのイギリスの考古学者，東洋学者，探検家。3回にわたって中央アジア探検を行なった。第1次は 1900～01年でホータン付近で調査，第2次は 06～08年でさらに東に進み中国の新疆省各地を探検，トンホワン (敦煌)などにも足跡を印し，千仏洞を発見した。第3次は 13～16年で特に中国の甘粛省方面の探検に従事した。探検は地理学だけでなく，史学，考古学，芸術など多方面にわたり多くの古文書の収集や遺物の発見を行い，古代における東西文化の交流や交通路の究明に大きな功績を残した。その後第4次の探検を志したが中国の官憲の迫害により志を達せず没した。『セリンディア』 Serindia (1921) など，中央アジア古代史について多くの著書がある。

スタイン
Stein， William Howard

[生]1911.6.25. ニューヨーク
[没]1980.2.2. ニューヨーク
アメリカの生化学者。 1938年コロンビア医科大学で学位取得後，ロックフェラー医学研究所 (現在ロックフェラー大学) に入所。蛋白質の分子構造の研究に従事し，蛋白質から得られるアミノ酸類，ペプチド類の構造分析法を発展させるとともに，その方法を用いてリボ核酸の分解酵素であるリボヌクレアーゼの構造決定に多大の成果を収めた。 1972年 C.B.アンフィンセン，S.ムーアとともにノーベル化学賞受賞。

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