Gibbs, Josiah Willard

Japanese: ギブズ(英語表記)Gibbs, Josiah Willard
Gibbs, Josiah Willard
Born: February 11, 1839 in New Haven, Connecticut
[Died] April 28, 1903. New Haven, Connecticut. American physicist and theoretical chemist. After graduating from Yale University, he engaged in experimental research, and in 1863 became the first American doctor of engineering. In 1866, he studied in France and Germany, where he studied under G. Kirchhoff and H. Helmholtz. After returning to Japan, he became a professor of mathematical physics at Yale University (1871), and devoted himself to theoretical research at the university for the rest of his life. From 1876 to 1878, he published papers on the equilibrium of multi-component, multi-phase systems, and developed the concepts of chemical potential and free energy. However, because the content was highly mathematical, leading to the phase rule, and because the journal in which it was published was a regional academic journal in the United States, it was buried until FW Ostwald published a German translation in 1892. His other research on the application of thermodynamics to chemistry, osmotic pressure, surface tension, and electrochemistry are said to form the foundations of modern physical chemistry. In 1902, he published the paper "Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics", which paved the way for what would later become quantum statistical mechanics.

Gibbs
Gibbs, James

Born December 23, 1682, near Aberdeen
Died: August 5, 1754. London. Scottish architect from the UK. Studied under Carlo Fontana in Rome, and opened in London in 1709. His first cathedral, St. Mary-le-Strand Cathedral (1714-17), displayed Baroque sculptural style. His St. Martin-in-the-Fields Cathedral in Trafalgar Square (designed in 1720), was in the Palladian style and was regarded as a model for Anglican cathedrals, particularly in the United States, giving rise to countless imitations. His Senate House at King's College, Cambridge (1722-30) and Radcliffe Library at Oxford University (1737-49) are also renowned masterpieces. His book A Book of Architecture (1728) was published.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1839.2.11. コネティカット,ニューヘーブン
[没]1903.4.28. コネティカット,ニューヘーブン
アメリカの物理学者,理論化学者。エール大学卒業後実験的研究にたずさわり,1863年アメリカで最初の工学博士となった。 66年フランスとドイツに留学し,G.キルヒホフ,H.ヘルムホルツらのもとで学び,帰国後エール大学の数理物理学教授となって (1871) ,終生この大学で理論的研究に専念した。 76~78年,多成分多相系の平衡についての論文を発表,化学ポテンシャルや自由エネルギーの概念を展開したが,相律を導き出したきわめて数学的な内容であったのと発表された雑誌がアメリカの地方学会誌であったために,92年 F.W.オストワルトがドイツ語訳を公刊するまで埋もれていた。ほかに熱力学の化学への応用,浸透圧,表面張力,電気化学に関する研究などは近代物理化学の基礎をなすものといわれる。 1902年には論文『統計力学の基礎原理』 Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanicsを発表,のちの量子統計力学への道を開いた。

ギブズ
Gibbs, James

[生]1682.12.23. アバディーン近郊
[没]1754.8.5. ロンドン
イギリス,スコットランドの建築家。ローマでカルロ・フォンタナに学び,1709年ロンドンで開業。最初の聖堂建築セント・メリー・ル・ストランド聖堂(1714~17)でバロック的な彫塑性を示した。またトラファルガー広場のセント・マーティン・イン・ザ・フィールズ聖堂(1720設計)はパラディオ様式で,特にアメリカ合衆国で英国教会派聖堂のモデルとみなされ,無数の模倣作品を生んだ。ケンブリッジ大学キングズ・カレッジのセネト・ハウス(1722~30),オックスフォード大学のラドクリフ図書館(1737~49)も傑作の名が高い。著書『建築書』A Book of Architecture(1728)。

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