Born: February 11, 1839 in New Haven, Connecticut [Died] April 28, 1903. New Haven, Connecticut. American physicist and theoretical chemist. After graduating from Yale University, he engaged in experimental research, and in 1863 became the first American doctor of engineering. In 1866, he studied in France and Germany, where he studied under G. Kirchhoff and H. Helmholtz. After returning to Japan, he became a professor of mathematical physics at Yale University (1871), and devoted himself to theoretical research at the university for the rest of his life. From 1876 to 1878, he published papers on the equilibrium of multi-component, multi-phase systems, and developed the concepts of chemical potential and free energy. However, because the content was highly mathematical, leading to the phase rule, and because the journal in which it was published was a regional academic journal in the United States, it was buried until FW Ostwald published a German translation in 1892. His other research on the application of thermodynamics to chemistry, osmotic pressure, surface tension, and electrochemistry are said to form the foundations of modern physical chemistry. In 1902, he published the paper "Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics", which paved the way for what would later become quantum statistical mechanics. Gibbs |
[生]1839.2.11. コネティカット,ニューヘーブン [没]1903.4.28. コネティカット,ニューヘーブン アメリカの物理学者,理論化学者。エール大学卒業後実験的研究にたずさわり,1863年アメリカで最初の工学博士となった。 66年フランスとドイツに留学し,G.キルヒホフ,H.ヘルムホルツらのもとで学び,帰国後エール大学の数理物理学教授となって (1871) ,終生この大学で理論的研究に専念した。 76~78年,多成分多相系の平衡についての論文を発表,化学ポテンシャルや自由エネルギーの概念を展開したが,相律を導き出したきわめて数学的な内容であったのと発表された雑誌がアメリカの地方学会誌であったために,92年 F.W.オストワルトがドイツ語訳を公刊するまで埋もれていた。ほかに熱力学の化学への応用,浸透圧,表面張力,電気化学に関する研究などは近代物理化学の基礎をなすものといわれる。 1902年には論文『統計力学の基礎原理』 Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanicsを発表,のちの量子統計力学への道を開いた。 ギブズ
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