Ox cart - Gishya
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A oxcart was a house-style vehicle pulled by an ox and used by the nobility. Although oxcarts were used before the Nara period, after the capital was moved to the Heian period, the development of roads and road surface improvements, especially in Kyoto, led to the widespread use of oxcarts as a means of transportation. In addition to being used as a means of transportation, oxcarts were also used in competition to make their exteriors more ostentatious, as seen in the Kamo Festival, where decorated oxcarts were used, and idashiginu, which were made by layering parts of the attire worn by ladies-in-waiting and hanging them from a blind, which served as a spectacle. The Imperial Court also issued laws around the mid-Heian period restricting the ranks of riders and prohibiting ostentatious decorations. However, in the age of the samurai, the use of oxcarts declined and they became a specific type of transportation, with tagoshi (lion-shaped palanquins) being used for everyday use. After the Muromachi period, a new style of larger Goshoguruma (imperial carriage) appeared. The oxcart is structured as a two-wheeled vehicle with wheels attached to both ends of the axle, on which the passengers sit (also known as a box). The long wooden beams that extend out from the front on both sides are called nagae (axes), and the crossbeam at the end of these, called yoke (yoke), is placed around the ox's neck. Blinds are hung from the front and back at the entrance to the house, with silk cloth blinds on the inside. Usually, four people can ride on one of these, but there are also cases where two or six people can ride on one of these. People get on and off using a shiji (railed platform), which is used as a stepping stone; passengers get on from the back, and disembark from the front after removing the ox. The blinds are raised when a man gets on, and lowered when a woman gets on. Because the wheels and boxes of the imperial carriage are large, it is difficult to board using a shiji (railed platform), so a platform with five steps came to be used. The types of oxcarts were classified according to the structure of the box, the exterior, and the painted patterns, and their use was subject to restrictions based on official rank and social status, as well as whether or not it was for an official trip. [Goka loyal retainer] kinds(1) Kara-no-kuruma (Chinese Carriage) Also called Kara-bisashi-no-kuruma (Chinese Eaves Carriage), it was named after the fact that its roof was built on the gable of a Chinese ridgepole. It was the most highly respected carriage, as it was used by the retired emperor and the regent on special occasions such as the Daijo-e purification ceremony, Kasuga pilgrimage, and Kamo pilgrimage. (2) Ajiro-guruma (traditional Japanese basket) Also called a mon-no-guruma (patterned basket), this basket was made of thin boards of cypress or bamboo woven into a basket, the sleeves were painted white, and the family crest was attached to it. It was used by ministers and lower-ranking nobles for informal travel. (3) Hajitomi Car: A type of Ajiro cart, the watchtower consists of two hanging doors, one on top and one on the bottom. The lower door is fixed and the upper door is lifted outward, making it a hanging door or half door that can be opened and closed. (4) Birouge Carriage Also called Keguruma, this cart has a roof made of thinly torn palm leaves. The palm trees are grown on Birou Island in Shibushi Village, Shimazu-sho (Kagoshima Prefecture), and are used by the retired emperor and those of the fourth rank or higher, as well as by priests and ladies-in-waiting. (5) Itoge floats These floats had blue, purple, or red tassels hanging from the eaves at the front and rear of the floats, and were classified as blue, purple, or red, but the origin of the name Itoge is unclear. They were used by Imperial Princesses, Naimyobu of the Third Rank or higher, and ladies of concubine, and red-haired floats in particular were used by messengers in the Kamo Festival. (6) Hachiyo Car (Eight-leaf Car) Also written as Hachiyo Car. A car made of light green-painted cloth with an eight-leaf crest, i.e., the nine-star crest, painted on it. There are differences according to the size of the crest; the large eight-leaf car was used by ministers, nobles, monks, and sogo in daily life, while the small eight-leaf car was used for informal purposes by monks and lower-ranking officials such as Shona-gon. [Goka loyal retainer] In the mid-Heian period, it reached its height as a vehicle for the nobility, and they competed with each other for the most extravagant and elegant. The photo shows Emperor Nijō, dressed as a woman, escaping on an eight-leaf carriage. Copy of "Rokuhara Gyokou no Maki" from "The Tale of Heiji Illustrated Scroll, " National Diet Library . Ox cart from the Heian period ©Tatsuo Ikeda "> Names of the various parts of the oxcart (Ajiro-guruma) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
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牛に引かせた屋形(やかた)の乗り物で、貴族が用いた。奈良時代以前にも車の制はあったが、平安遷都以来、京洛(きょうらく)を中心に道路の発達と路面の整備によって、牛車を盛んに乗用として利用するようになった。乗用の目的とともに、外観の装飾を華美にすることを競ったことが、賀茂祭(かもまつり)に用いた飾車(かざりぐるま)や、出衣(いだしぎぬ)といって女房の着ている衣装の一部を美しく重ねて御簾(みす)から垂らして見物の一つとしたことでも知られる。また朝廷は乗用の身分制限と華美な装飾を禁止する法令を、平安中期を中心に発している。しかし、武家の世になると牛車の乗用は衰え、特定の乗り物となり、一般日常には腰輿(たごし)を使用した。室町時代以降、大型化した新しい様式の御所車(ごしょぐるま)が出現した。 牛車の構造は、軸(よこがみ)の両端に車輪をつけた二輪車で、人の乗る屋形（またの名を箱という）をのせる。この前方左右に長く前に出ている木を轅(ながえ)といい、その先端の横木、軛(くびき)を牛の首にかける。屋形の出入口には御簾を前後に懸け垂らし、内側に絹布の下簾(したすだれ)をつける。4人乗りが通常で、2人や6人の場合もある。乗り降りは榻(しじ)を踏み台とし、乗るときは後方から、降りるときは牛を外して前方からとする。男が乗るときは御簾を上げ、女が乗るときは御簾を下ろしている。御所車は車輪や箱が大きいため、榻で乗車は困難なので、五つの階段を設けた棧(はしたて)を用いるようになった。 牛車の種類は、箱の構造、外装、彩色文様によって分けられ、その使用は官位・身分により、また正式の出行か否かによって使用の制限があった。 ［郷家忠臣］ 種類(1)唐(から)の車(くるま) 唐庇車(からびさしのくるま)ともいい、屋根が唐棟(からむね)の破風(はふ)につくったところから名がつけられ、太上(だいじょう)天皇、摂政関白(せっしょうかんぱく)が大嘗会御禊(だいじょうえごけい)の行事、春日詣(かすがもうで)や、賀茂詣などといった晴の日に乗用して、もっとも尊重された。 (2)網代(あじろ)車 文(もん)の車ともいい、ヒノキやタケなどの薄板を網代に組み、袖(そで)を白く塗り、家の車の紋をつけた。大臣以下の公卿(くぎょう)が略儀遠行に用いた。 (3)半蔀(はじとみ)車 網代車の一種で、物見の懸戸が上下2枚からなり、下1枚を固定し、上1枚を外側へ上げて釣り、開閉できる釣り蔀、半蔀という構造になっている。 (4)檳榔毛(びろうげ)車 毛車(けぐるま)ともいい、ビロウの葉を細く裂いて毛のようにして屋根を葺(ふ)いた車。ビロウの産地は、島津庄(しょう)（鹿児島県）志布志(しぶし)村の檳榔島で、使用者は太上天皇以下四位以上、また僧綱(そうごう)や女房も用いる一般的な車。 (5)糸毛(いとげ)車 車の前後の庇(ひさし)に青・紫・赤などの総(ふさ)を垂らし、青糸毛車、紫糸毛車、赤糸毛車の別があったが、糸毛の由来については明確でない。内親王、三位(さんみ)以上の内命婦(ないみょうぶ)、更衣の貴婦人が乗用し、とくに赤毛の車を賀茂祭の使に用いた。 (6)八葉(はちよう)車 八曜車とも書く。網代を萌黄(もえぎ)色に塗り、その上に八葉の紋すなわち、九曜星紋を描いた車。紋の大小により別があり、大八葉は大臣・公卿・僧正・僧綱が日常に、小八葉は略儀なもので、小納言(しょうなごん)以下の地下人(じげにん)や僧侶(そうりょ)が用いた。 ［郷家忠臣］ 平安時代中期ころには、貴族の乗用として全盛を極め、華美風流を競い合った。写真は女装した二条天皇が八葉車に乗って脱出する場面。『平治物語絵巻』 「六波羅行幸ノ巻」 写国立国会図書館所蔵"> 平安時代の牛車 ©池田達夫"> 牛車の各部名称（網代車） 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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