Koiho - Koiho

The medicine of Zhang Zhongjing of the Han dynasty. Or medicine based exclusively on it. Also called ancient methods, the school is called the ancient school. Zhang Zhongjing lived in the early 3rd century, and his works include "Shanghan Lun" and "Jingui Yaolue." Shanghan Lun, which describes the treatment of acute febrile diseases with a compound herbal medicine prescription, has been revered since ancient times as a rule for the use of medicinal formulas. In late Ming and early Qing China, a school of thought appeared that enthusiastically followed this book, and in Japan in the late 17th century, Nagoya Gen'i was inspired by it and preached the importance of ancient medical methods, and Goto Konzan followed suit. At first, the Huangdi Neijing and Nanjing, which were based on the theory of Yin-Yang and the Five Elements, were also accepted, but gradually the trend escalated to the point where the Shanghan Lun was considered the golden rule, and such great figures of the ancient school as Kagawa Shuan, Yamawaki Toyo, Nagatomi Dokushoan, and Yoshimasu Toudo emerged, dominating the medical world in the late Edo period. Toudou's particularly blunt theory was simple and therefore supported by general physicians, coming to characterize early modern and contemporary Japanese Kampo. However, it is also seen as simply falsifying the Shanghan Lun at will and using it to assert their own theories.

[Hiroshi Osodo]

"History of Chinese Medicine" by Hiroshi Osodo (1999, Taishukan Shoten)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

漢の張仲景(ちょうちゅうけい)の医学。もしくはそれをもっぱら範とする医学。古方(こほう)ともいい、その学派を古方派という。張仲景は3世紀初頭の人で、その著作と伝えられる書に『傷寒論(しょうかんろん)』『金匱要略(きんきようりゃく)』などがあるが、とくに急性熱性病の複合生薬処方による治療法を述べた傷寒論は、古来薬方運用の規矩(きく)として尊ばれた。明(みん)末清(しん)初中国でこの書を熱狂的に信奉する学派が登場したが、日本では17世紀後半に名古屋玄医がこれに触発されて古医方の重要性を唱え、ついで後藤艮山(ごとうこんざん)がこれを受けた。当初は陰陽五行説(いんようごぎょうせつ)を基盤とする『黄帝内経(こうていだいけい)』『難経』も許容したが、しだいに『傷寒論』一書を金科玉条とする方向にエスカレートし、香川修庵(しゅうあん)、山脇東洋、永富独嘯庵(ながとみどくしょうあん)、吉益東洞(よしますとうどう)といった古方派の雄が輩出し、江戸時代後期の医界を席巻した。とくに東洞の一刀両断の説は簡明であるがため一般医家の支持を得、近世～現代の日本漢方を特色づけることとなった。しかし実際には『傷寒論』を思うがままに改竄(かいざん)し、自説を主張するに利用したにすぎないという見方もされる。

［小曽戸洋］

『小曽戸洋著『漢方の歴史』（1999・大修館書店）』

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