Ulama - Urama (English spelling) 'ulamā'

Japanese: ウラマー - うらまー(英語表記)‘ulamā'
Ulama - Urama (English spelling) 'ulamā'

The intellectual class that carries traditional teachings in the Islamic world. The plural form of the Arabic word 'ālim (the learned). The knowledge referred to here refers to the Qur'an, the Sunnah (examples), and Islamic law and theology based on them, but does not include mysticism, foreign Greek philosophy, or modern sciences. They are the parties that form the community consensus (ijma) that defines the substance of Islamic doctrine and institutions. The consensus of the entire community was established through a slow process of accumulating agreements at various levels, and there is no institution that authoritatively unifies the opinions of the ulama. In reality, the ulama are professors at madrasas, officials at mosques, qadis (judges) and other people involved in the actual administration of law, as well as independent scholars. They may provide ideological support to the political power of the time, or conversely, they may use Islamic law to suppress arbitrary rule.

[Shigeru Kamata]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

イスラム世界における伝統的教学の担い手である知識人層。アラビア語の「知識ある者」(アーリム‘ālim)の複数形。ここでいう知識とは、コーラン、スンナ(範例)およびそれに基礎を置いたイスラム法、イスラム神学に関するものをさし、神秘主義、外来のギリシア的哲学、さらに近代の諸科学に関するものはそれ自身としては含まれない。イスラム教の教義、制度の実質を規定する共同体の合意(イジュマー)を形成する当事者である。共同体全体の合意は、さまざまな次元で合意を積み重ねていく緩慢な過程を経て成立したものであり、ウラマーの意見を権威的に統一する機関は存在しない。実際にウラマーを形づくるのは神学校(マドラサ)の教授、モスクの役職者、そしてカーディー(裁判官)ら実際の法運用に携わる者たち、さらには在野の学者たちである。彼らは時の政治権力にイデオロギー的支えを提供する場合も、また逆にイスラム法を盾に支配の恣意(しい)を抑制する場合もある。

[鎌田 繁]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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